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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREFT 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


'^  ^^ 


Ua 


m 


CIHIVI/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historlques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reoroduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exempleire 
qu'il  tui  a  iti  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  una 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessous. 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


□    Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 


□    Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdas 


D 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pellicul^e 


□    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurc^es  et/ou  pellicul^es 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  menqua 


0    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  ddcolor^es,  tachet^es  ou  piquees 


□    Coloured  maps/ 
Cartes  giographiques  en  couleur 


□    Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tachees 


□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


Hy]    Showthrough/ 


Transparence 


□    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


0Boun 
Reli« 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
avec  d'autres  documents 


□    Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualit^  indgale  de  I'impression 

□    Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 


D 


D 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

Lareliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
It  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
jors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texta. 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  iti  filmdes. 


□    Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


n 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  imagV 
Les  pages  totatement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  fuuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  cnt  itik  film^es  i  nouveau  de  facon  a 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


D 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires; 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmi  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqui  ci-dtrssous. 

18X  22X 


10X 


14X 


26X 


30X 


y 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grSce  it  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

Bibliothdque  nationale  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  'ront  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couveiture  en 
papier  est  imprim6e  sont  fiimis  en  commonpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmds  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "),  or  the  symbol  V  (menning  "END  "), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  —^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  'ipper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many       mes  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  6tre 
filmte  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichd,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  Tangle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n^csssaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1  2  3 

4  5  6 


f 


—"^WfiWiii    '^.-..aai^ 


'TiiMiiiiin  . 


INSTRUCTIO:^^S 


I'On  THE 


r»    ■>, 


EXPEDITIOJf  WW  AW  THE  NORTH  POLE 


FJ!O.M 


HO]^f.  GEO.  M.  ROBESOX, 

SECRETARY  OF  THE  NAVY. 


WITH 


AN  APPENDIX  FROM  THE  .\ATIONAL  ACADEOT  CP  SCIENCES. 


In 

f 


WASHINGTON; 


GOVERNMENT    PRINTI 
1871. 


NG    OFFICE. 


ri'.if 


m 


EXP 


I 


Sill 

States 

aud  tl 

ioned, 

111  and  . 

of  the 

ceed  ii 

yard  ii 

ceed  t 

west  c( 

St.  JoL 

oil  the 

ber 


f^5 


(or  Liv 
abore i 
the  De 
you  -svil 
Pohir 
eithe 


IS 


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of  lier 
of  the  i 


111  eoini 
supply . 
uieasun 
purpose 
Ilolsteii 


INSTIJUCTIONS 

TO 

CAPTAIiV  C.  F.  HALL, 

EXPEDITION  TOWARD  THE  AOKTH  POLE 

BY 

HON.    CtEO.    M.    ho  be  son, 

SECItETAKY  OI'   TIIK   XA\Y. 


Xavv  Department,  June  !),  1S71. 
Sir  :  Ilavin-  boon  iippoiiitcd,  l)y  tho  rmsidciit  of  the  United 
States,  toniinauder  of  the  expedition  toward  the  Xoith  Pole 
and  the  steamer  Pohu-is  havin-  been  fitted,  eqni])ped,  provis' 
loned,  and  assigned  for  the  pnrpose,  you  are  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  said  vessel,  her  officers  and  crew,  for  the  purposes 
of  the  said  expedition.    Ilavin-  taken  command,  von  will  pro- 
ceed in  the  vessel,  at  the  earliest  j.ossible  date,  from  the  navy 
yard  in  this  city  to  New  York.     I^rom  ^'ew  York  vou  will  pro- 
eeed  t-  the  first  fiivorable  port  you  are  able  to  make  ou  the 
west  coast  of  Greenland,  stoppin-,  if  you  deem  it  desirable,  at 
St.  Johns,  Newfoundland.    From  the  first  port  made  by  you 
ou  the  west  coast  of  (ireenland,  if  fartiier  south  than  IJolstein- 
berff,  you  will  proceed  to  that  port,  and  thence  to  Goodhaven 
(or  Lively,)  in  Uie  island  of  Disco.    At  some  one  of  the  ports 
abore  referred  to  you  will  probably  meet  a  transport,  sent  by 
the  Department,  with  additional  coal  and  stores,  from  which 
you  will  supply  yomself  to  the  fullest  carrying- capacity  of  the 
Polaris.     Should  you  fall  in  with  the  transport  before  makiu"- 
either  of  the  ports  aforesaid,  or  should  you  ol^tain  information 
of  her  beino-  at,  or  having  landed  her  stores  at  anv  port  south 
of  the  island  of  Disco,  you  will  at  once  proceed  to  put  yourself 
ju  communication  with  the  comn.ai.der  of  th.c  [ransi)ort,  and 
•'^"PPly  yourself  with  the  additio:.rl  .stores  and  coal,  taking  such 
measures  as  may  be  most  expedient  and  convenient  for  that 
purpose.    Should  you  not  hear  of  the  transport  before  reaching 
Dolsteinberg  you  will  remain  at  that  port,  waiting  for  her  and 


L  - 


*)f 


Pi- 


,v<»iir  supplies,  as  loi:j>'  as  the  ()l>j('('t  of  your  expedition  will  pei- 
init  ,vou  tt»  delay  for  that  purpose.  Afler  waitiri.^'  as  |(»ii;:  as  is 
safe,  under  all  tlit^  eircuinstaMces  as  tiiey  may  present  (heiu- 
selvt's,  you  will,  if  you  do  not  hear  of  tho  transport,  proceed  to 
Diseo,  as  above  i>rovided.  At  Disco,  if  you  hear  nothin{,'ol 
the  transport,  yon  will,  after  wail  in;;- as  Ion;-- as  you  deem  it  safe 


supply  yourself,  as  far  as  you  mav  be  able,  with  suel 


I  supplies 


and  aitick's  as  y(»u  may  need,  and  proceed  on  your  expedition 
without  further  delay.  From  Disco  you  will  proceed  to  Uperna 
vik.  At  these  two  lastiunned  places  you  will  ]iroeure  do;n's  and 
other  Arctic  outlits.  Jf  you  thiidc  it  of  advanta^ic  for  the  [)ur- 
l»ose  of  obtaining'  do^s,  ^:e,,  to  stop  at  Tossak,  you  will  do  so. 
From  Uperuavik,  or  Tossak,  as  the  casu  uv.xy  be,  you  will  proceed 
across  ^lelville  Bay  to  Cai)e  Dudley  Di^'/^es,  and  thence  you 
will  make  all  possible  pro;;ress,  with  vessels,  boats,  and  sledges, 
toward  the  .North  Pole,  usin^'  your  own  .iud,uinent  as  to  the 
route  or  .(Uites  to  be  [)ursiu'd  a'.d  tiu'  locality  for  ea(di  winter's 
quarters.  Ilaviu;4'  been  provisioned  and  eipiipped  feu-  two  and 
a  half  years,  you  will  pursiui  your  exploraticms  for  that  period  ; 
but,  should  the  object  of  the  expedition  reipiire  it,  you  will  con- 
tinue your  explorations  to  such  a  further  length  of  tinu'  as  your 
.supplies  may  be  safely  extended.  Should,  however,  the  main 
object  of  the  expedition,  vi/,  attaining-  the  position  of  the 
Xortli  Pole,  be  accomplished  at  an  earlier  period,  you  will  return 
to  the  United  States  with  all  convenient  dis[»atch. 

There  beinin'  attached  to  the  exiiedition  a  scientilic  depart- 
ment, its  operations  are  i)res(!ribed  in  accordance  with  the  iidvice 
of  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences,  as  recpured  by  the  law. 
Ao-reeably  to  this  advice,  the  char;;v  and  direction  of  the  scien- 
tific operations  will  b(^  intrusted,  under  your  command,  to 
Doctor  Eniil  Bessels ;  and  you  will  render  Dr.  JJessels  and  his 
assistants  all  such  facilities  and  aids  as  may  be  in  your  power 
to  carry  into  effect  the  said  further  advice,  as  ^iven  in  the 
instructions  herewith  furnished  in  v  conununi(!ation  from  the 
presiiU'iit  of  the  Xational  Academy  of  Sciences,  It  is,  however, 
important  that  objects  of  natural  histiuy,  ethnology,  ^c,  tSrc, 
which  may  be  collected  by  any  person  attached  to  the  expedi- 
tion, shall  be  delivered  to  the  chief  of  the  scientific  dei>ait- 
ment,  to  be  cared  for  by  him,  under  your  direction,  and  con- 
sidered the  property  of  the  Government ;  and  every  i)ersou  bo 
strictly  prohibited  from  keeping  any  such  object.  You  will 
direct  every  qualified  person  iu  the  expedition  to  keep  a  private 


.l'-».Ml  u     ,1...   p,oo,o.s,s  Of  tlH.  ..x,M.li,ion,  :„Ml  ...for  on   it 
.'vn.ts,  ob,Horv..i,oMs,  :.,Hl  .v,m.,Us,  of  any  nntnr.  Ml.n.sn.  •<• 
I'H.s..  ..onrnals  sl.all   I,.  <.onsi,h.n.,I  ,.onli,l,.n(i,.l  ;,,,,,     I     v' 
n<M-son  ot  ,..,.  tln.n  tin.  wri,,..    Onin-so  jonnn  I  o  v 

<i-nnn.l  of  o,M. h  of  tlM>  wri.ns  l.is  Jounun,  wl.iHMt  is  h^^^^^^^^ 
l.at  .iM.n  th.  nronls  of  tl..  ...xpo.li.ion  a,,  pnhlisln.,1  h" 

:;:;?'•  ••'7'   '•';'•--'•'  >""-ls  «.  I,..  retnmnl  t.! 
"'''\'^r'''^<''''"J>ti'.Mor,I.<.  (;ov,..nMn.nt;    bntoa 

r^al  or  parts  <,r  l.is  journal  as  n.ay  l.„  „s.,l  i,.  ,,,1  rL^^ 
<m  ^v.II  us,.,  <-yory  opportunity  to  detonnino  th.  position  of 

=•'•  -MH-s,  l..a,Ilands,  islancls,  ^,.,  tIuUin.s  ol-  Jas^  ^ 
M.un.l.nos,  obsorv.  ti^U-s  and  nuT-nts,  and  n.ak.  ail  su,.].  su,' 

You  will  oivc  spcM-al  writr.M.  .linrtion.s  to  tl.o  sailino.  an.l  i,.,. 

-....,     tlu..xpnli,  ion.   Mr.  N.(X 
''."^'1  of    IM'  s,-u.nt,li<-  dopartn.c.nt,  Dr.  K.  lU.ss,.ls;tliat  in  re 
ol  yourd<.ath  or  <li-l.ility-u  .ontin^.n,,- w.  sinc.r  I    t n 
nn.y  not  nr.s._tl,.y  shall  .-onsult  as  to  th.  propri.tvand   .    n 
"-;ol  c.nrry,n^n.t,>tMrtl,n.<.m...t  tl.o  Ibn^oin.  i.iltru  t      s 
wln,.l.  .  lu-n.  ur^.  n.ust,  i,"  possihh,  ho  dono.   ^^he     "u U     ^ 

tl.nr  n>nsutntnn.s,  and  tin.  reasons  tI.orelbr,nu,stl. 
y.t,n,.,  and  kept  as  part  of  the  records  of  the'expeditio 
ny  even  ,  however,   Mr.  Ibuhlin^ton   shalljn   Le  of     ou^ 
''<■'•  1'  or  d.salMhty,  eontinue  as  the  sailing,  and  iee  muster  Id 
<-.)ntrol  and  d.reet  the  n.ovenients  of  the  vessel-  n,  1     > 

nosselsslndl   in  sueh  ease,  eontinue  as  eh::;:;;,rt^;^^^ 
.Upartn.ent,  d.reetn.o-  all  sled«e .journeys  and  seientitic    pe^ 
.on.     In  the  possd.le  eontin^eney  of  their  non-agreenS 
as  to  the  eourse  to  be  pursued,  then  Mr.  ^b.ddinoton  shal    ,s 

u.ne  so  e  chmjeund  con.n.and,and  return  with  the  expedi  i^." 
to  the  United  States  with  all  possible  dispatch  '-^^'^^'t'*^" 

lou  wdl  transmit  to  this  Department,  as  often  -is  onnm- 
•n.uty  otters    reports  of  your  pro^-ess  and  re  ults  oi  '^ 
•soareh,  detad.n,.  the  route  of  your  proposed  advance     At  th 
Most  promn.ent  points  of  your  progress  you  will  erect  cons, 
nous  skeleton  stone  monuments,  depositiu-^  near  each'    c" 
<^dance  wdh  the  confidential  n.arks  agreed  upon,  a  ^nd^  .^^ 
u>cord  ot  your  progress,  w  ith  a  description  of"  tl  e  route  uc 


6 


which  you  ])roiu>s<'  to  lulvaiKM',  inakiiiy;  I'licho.s  of  provisions 
&(;.,  if  .vuii  (U't'ia  fit. 

In  the  evt'Ut  of  tlie  'lecessity  for  finally  abandoniiif,'  your 
vessel,  y(m  will  at  onee  euileavor  to  reach  localities  fVeriucntcd 
by  whaliuf?  or  other  ships,  iiuikiii;;  every  exertion  to  semi  to 
the  United  States  infornuitiou  of  your  i)osition  and  situation, 
and  as  soon  ns  i)ossil»le  t(»  return  with  your  i>arty,  presciv  iny. 
as  far  as  rnay  be,  the  records  of,  and  all  possible  objects  and 
siteeiniens  collected  in,  the  expedition. 

All  persons  attached  to  the  expedition  are  under  your  conv- 
niand,  and  shall,  under  every  circuinstance  and  condition,  be 
subject  to  the  rules,  regulations,  and  laws  ji^'overning  the  disci- 
pline of  the  Navy,  to  be  nioditied,  but  luit  increased,  by  you  as 
the  circumstances  may  in  your  judgment  rcipiire. 

To  keep  the  (jbvernnient  as  Avell  informed  as  possible  of  your 
projjress,  you  will,  after  passing  (Jape  Dudley  Digges,  throw 
overboard  daily,  as  open  water  (U*  drifting  ice  may  permit,  a 
bottle  or  snudl  copper  cylinder,  closely  sealed,  containing  a 
paper,  stating  date,  position,  and  such  other  facts  as  you  may 
deem  interesting.  For  this  ]uupose,  you  Mill  have  ])repared 
papers  containing  a  re<juest,  printed  in  several  languages,  that 
the  tinder  transndt  it  by  the  most  direct  route  to  the  Secretary 
of  the  Navy,  AVashington,  United  States  of  America. 

Upon  the  return  of  the  exi)edition  to  the  United  States,  you 
will  transmit  your  own  and  all  other  records  to  the  Depait- 
ment.  You  will  direct  Dr.  Bessels  to  trant'.mit  all  the  scientific 
records  and  collections  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  Wash- 
ington. 

The  history  of  the  expedition  will  be  prepared  by  yourself, 
from  all  the  journals  and  records  of  the  expedition,  under  tlu^ 
suiierx  ision  of  the  Department,  All  the  records  of  the  scien- 
tific results  of  the  expedition  will  be  prepared,  supervised,  and 
edited  by  Dr.  Bessels,  under  the  direction  and  authority  of  tlie 
president  of  the  Xational  Academy  of  Sciences. 

Wishing  for  you  and  your  brave  comrades  health,  ha])piness, 
and  success  in  you-  daring  enterprise,  and  commending  you 
and  them  to  the  protecting  care  of  the  God  Avho  rules  the  uni- 
verse, 

I  am,  very  respectfully,  yours, 

GEO.  M.  ROBESOy, 

Secreta ry  of  the  Xa  vy. 

CiiAs.  F.  Hall, 

Comm<(n(lii>(i  E.rpctJltion  toivayd  the  yorth  Pole. 


ice 


APPENDIX. 


LETTER  OF  riJOF.  JOS.  IIENRV. 

{I'lmthiit  of  the  XdlioiKtl  Jrademy  of  ScUiictK.) 

WITH   INSTKllTIOXS   FOR  THE  SMENTIFIC  OPERATIONS  OF  THE 

EXPEUITI'J.X. 


Washington,  D.  ('.,  June  «),  1871. 
Silt:  In  accordance  Mith  the  law  of  Congress  antliorizinft' 
the  cxpcditiou  ibr  exph.ration.s  Avithin  the  Arctic  Circle,  the 
s(!ientilic  operations  are  to  be  jncscribed  by  the  National  Acad- 
emy; and  in  behalf  of  this  society  I  respectfully  submit  the 
following  remarks  and  suggestions  : 

The  api)ropriation  for  this  expedition  was  granted  by  Con- 
gress principally  on  account  of  the  representations  of  Captain 
Hall  and  his  friends  as  to  the  possibility  of  improving  our 
knowledge  of  the  geography  of  the  regions  beyond  the  eight- 
ieth degree  of  north  latitude,  and  more  especially  of  reaching 
the  Pole.  I'robably  on  this  account  and  that  of  tiio  experience 
Avhich  Captain  TTall  had  acfjuired  by  seven  years'  residence  in 
the  Arctic  regions,  he  was  api)ointed  by  the  President  as  com- 
mander of  the  expedition. 

In  order  that  Captain  ITall  might  have  full  opportunity  to 
arrange  his  plans,  and  that  no  impediments  should  be  put  in 
the  way  of  their  execution,  it  was  proper  that  he  should  have 
the  organization  of  the  ex])editiou  and  the  selection  of  his  as- 
sistants. These  privileges  having  been  granted  him.  Captain 
Hall  early  a])pointed  as  the  sailing-master  of  the  expedition 
his  friend  and  former  fellow-voyager  in  the  Arctic  Zone,  Cap- 
tain Buddington,  who  has  spent  twenty-five  years  amid  polar 
ice;  and  for  the  subordinate  ]H)sitions,  persons  selected  espe- 
cially for  their  experience  of  life  in  the  same  regions. 

It  is  evident  from  the  foregoing  statement  that  the  expedi- 
tion, except  in  its  relations  to  geographical  discovery,  is  not  of 
ii  scientific  character,  and  to  connect  with  it  a  full  corps  of  sci- 
entific observers  whose  duty  it  should  be  to  make  minute  in- 
vestigations relative  to  the  physics  of  the  globe,  and  to  afford 
them  such  facilities  with  regard  to  time  and  position  as  would 


ir 


M 


8 

be  iirccHMiuy  to  tlio  full  siioocssoC  tlu.  „l,j(rt  of  thoir  o,";iiii. 
/atioii,  woiil<l  inati'iially  iiitcrlVru  with  tlio  views  t'litcitirjiuMl 
by  CaptJiiii  Ilall,  and  tli<>  piiiposo  for  wliidi  tlio  appropriation 
was  i'\  i<l('iitiy  iiitciMJcd  by  ('uii^frcss. 

Alllioii-h  tile  special  (.bjects  iiiid  p(M'idiar  or;,'aiiizalioii  of 
this  expedition  are  not  primarily  of  a  Hcientilie  eharacter,  yet 
many  i>henoniena  may  be  observed  an<l  sjH'cimens  of  natural 
history  be  inei(h'nlally  eollei-ted,  i)artienlarly  durinf,Mlie  lon'o' 
winter  jyeriods  in  wliieli  the  vessel  ninst  neeessiuily  remain 
stationary;  and  tlierelbre,  in  order  that  the  (.pportnnity  of  oh 
tainin;;'  sueh  resnlts  nii-jht  not  bo  lost,  a  eommittn-  .,f  the 
National  Academy  of  Heienees  was  appointed  to  prepare  a 
series  (»f  instnietions  (,n  tln^  ditferent  branches  of  physics  and 
natural  history,  and  to  render  assistance  in  procurin;;' the  scien- 
title  onttit. 

(Jreat  dillienlty  was  met  with  in  obtaining-  men  of  the  ].   ^per 
seientilu'  ac(inirements  to  embark  in  an  enterprise  which  must 
nee^'ssiirily  l>e  attended  with   mnch   privation,  and   in  wiiich, 
ill  a  measure,  science  must  l»e  subordinate.  This  dilhculty  was, 
however,  hiii)i)ily  obviated  by  the  olfer  of  an  aeeomplisln'd  [.hy- 
sicist  and   naturalist.  Dr.   K.   IJessels,  of  Jleidelbery',  to  take 
chai'^(!  of  the  scientilic;   operations,  with   sueh  assistance  as 
eoidd  i»e  afforded  him  by  two  or  throe  intellif;'ent  youii;;-  men 
that  ini;4ht  be  trained  for  the  service.     Dr.  JJessels  was  the 
scientillc   director  of  the  (lorman  expedition  to  Spitzber^^en 
and  Nova  Zenibia,  in  18G!),  durinj;'  which  he  made,  for  the  Ikst 
time,  a  most  interestin,u'  series  of  observations  on  the  depths 
and  currents  of  tlie  adjacent  seas.     From  his  character,  acquire- 
ments, and  enthusiasm  in  the  cause  of  science,  he  is  admirably 
well  (pialified  for  the  arduous  and  laborious  otlico  for  which  he 
is  a  volunteer.    Tlie  most  important  of  the  assistants  was  one 
to  be  intrusted,  under  Dr.  Uessels,  with  the  astronomical  and 
magnetic  observations,  and  such  a  one  has  been  found  in  the 
person  of  Mr.  ]}ryan,  a  j^raduate  of  Lafayette  College,  at  Easton, 
Pennsylvania,  who,  luuler  the  direction   of  Professor  Ililgard, 
has  received  from  .Mr.  Schott  and  Mr.  Keith,  of  the  Coast  Sur- 
vey,  practical  instructions  in  the  use  of  the  instruments. 

The  Academy  would  therefore  earnestly  recommend,  as  an 
essential  condition  of  the  success  of  the  objects  in  which  it  is 
interested,  that  Dr.  liessels  be  appointed  as  sole  director  of  the 
scientitic  operations  of  the  expedition,  and  that  Captain  Hall 
be  instructed  to  alford  him  such  facilities  and  assistance  as  may 


9 


!•«•  iiccossiiry  lor  flir  siH-iiil  <>l)j.'cf,s  under  his  cliai-v,  iiiid  which 
'"■''"<"  ilic<»ni|.;.|il)h.  with  the  prominent  i.le;i  of  (lie  ori-inal 
<'nterpri.se.  '' 

As  to  the  ronte  to  he  pursued  with  the^wafest  |u-ol.ahility  of 
i<"ii<'hin-  tlie  I'oh',  either  to  tlie  oast  or  west  of  (Wwnhuid,"the 
Academy  t<ul)cars  to  make  any  su--estions,  Captain  Hall  hav- 
in-  (h-linitely  com-lmh'd  that  tlie  mute  thron-h  Mallin's  Hay, 
the  on<>  with  which  he  is  nn)st  familiar,  is  that  to  he  ad..pteil.' 
One  point,  however,  should  he  specially  ur-ed  m.on  Captain 
irall,  namely,  the  (h'termination  with  the  utmost  scientifie  pro- 

'■'■^ 'ossihl,.  of  all  his -eo-raphical  positions,  and  especially  of 

tiM'  ultimate  northern  limit  which  he  attains,     Tl viden<-e  of 

.   the  {.enuineness  of  ev.'ry  determination  (.f  this  kind  should  be 
"Hide  aiijiarent  beyond  all  (|uestion. 

On  the  return  ofthe  evpcditioii  the  collections  which  luavbe 
"""l«'  '"  '>"li"'^il  liist.u'v,  v^ic.,  will,  in  accordance  with  a  law  of 
< 'ou-ress,  bo  deposited  in  the  National  Museum,  umh-r  the  care 
ot  the  Smithsmiian  Institution  ;  and  we  wouhlsu--.-st  that  the 
scientilie  records  he  discussed  and  prepared  for  publication  by 
Dr.  ilessels,  with  such  ussisfimce  as  he  niav  reipiire,  under  the 
<l"vction  of  theXational  Academy.  The  importance  of  refnsin- 
to  allow  Journals  to  be  kejit  exclusively  for  private  use,  or  coF 
Iccthuisto  be  made  <.ther  than  those  behmjiin-f  to  the  expedi- 
tion, is  too  obvious  to  need  sjiecial  su<ij;'estioii. 

In  littin-  out  the  expedition,  the  Siuinisoniau  rnstitutiou  has 
nff.mled  all  the  facilities  in  its  power  in  ])rocurin-  the  necessary 
apparatus,  and  in  fiiniishin-  the  outfit  for  uiakinj;  collections 
in  the  various  depart  nieists  of  natural  history.  The  Coast  Sur- 
vey, under  the  direction  of  J'rofessor  I'.'in'e,  has  contributed 
astronomical  and  mayiietical  instruments.  The  Jlydro^iraiihic 
Ollice,  under  Captain  AVyman;  has  furnished  a  transit'instru- 
uient,  sextants,  chronometers,  charts,  books,  &c.  The  Signal 
Corps,  under  (Jeiiei'al  :\ryer,  lias  supplied  anemonieters,  tlier- 
niometers,  aneroid  and  niercurial  barometers,  besides  detailing 
a  sergeant  to  assist  in  the  meteorological  observations.  Tlie 
members  of  the  committee  of  the  Academy,  esi)ecial!y  Pro- 
fessors Baird  and  ililgard,  have,  in  discussing  with  Dr.JJessels 
the  several  points  of  scientific  investigation  and  in  assisting 
to  tram  his  observers,  rendered  important  service. 

The  liberal  manner  in  Avhicli  the  Xavy  Department,  under 
your  direction,  has  provided  a  vessel  and  especiallv  litted  it  out 
for  the  purpose,  with  a  bountiful  supply  of  provisions,  fuel,  and 


4 


ii 


10 


all  oilier  requisites  for  the  success  of  the  expedit 
the  health  and  comfort  of  its  nieuibt 


lou,  as  Well  a> 


,  ,  I'S  "^vill,  we  doubt  iu)t,  meet 

th(   approbation  of  Congress  and  be  highly  appreciated  by  all 
persons  interested  in  Arctic  e.\i)lorations. 

From  the  foregoing  statement  it  must  be  evident  that  the  i)i(). 
visions  for  exploration  and  scientific  research  in  tiiis  case  are 
as  ample  as  those  which  have  ever  been  made  for  any  other 
Arctic  expedition,  and  should  the  results  not  be  commensurate 
with  the  anticii.ations  in  regard  to  them,  the  fact  caunot'be 
attributed  to  a  want  of  interest  in  the  enterinise  or  to  inade- 
(puK-y  of  the  means  which  have  been  aiforded. 

We  have,  however,  full  confulence,  no^  only  in  the  ability  of 
Caitain  Jlall  and  his  naval  associates  to  make  important  addi 
tioiis  to  the  knowledge  of  the  geography  of  the  ])olar  region, 
but  also  in  his  interest  in  science  and  his  determination  t")  do' 
all  in  his  ])o\ver  to  assist  and  liicilitate  the  scientitic  o])erations. 

Ai>pendedto  this  letter  is  the  series  of  instructions  prepared" 
by  the  committee  of  tlie  Academy,  viz:  the  instructions  on 
astronomy,  by  I'rofessor  Xewcomb;  on  magnetism,  tides,  .S:<-., 
by  Professor  J.  ]<:.  Ililgard;  on  meteorology,  by  Professor 
Llenry;  on  natural  history,  by  Professor  IS.  pVEaird  ;  on  geol- 
ogy, by  Professor  Meek;  and  on  glaciers,  by  Professor  Agirssiz. 

1  have  the  honor  to  be,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  ser- 
vant, 

JOSEPH  HENRY, 

Prcsi'lent  of  the  Xational  Academy  of  Scieuccs. 
Hon.  Gkokge  3r.  Kf)i}ESO\, 

Sccretari/  of  f/tc  Xftnj. 


INSTKUCTIONS. 

(iEMIRAL    DIKECTIOXS  TN    KECiATJH    TO    THE   Mr>DE    OF   KEEP 

ING   KECOIJD.S. 

Records  of  <>hserratio)is.—U  is  of  the  first  importance 
that  in  all  instrumental  observations  the  fullest  record  be 
made,  and  that  the  original  notes  be  preserved  carefully. 

In  all  cases  the  actual  instrumental  readings  must  be  recorded, 
and  if  any  corrections  are  to  be  applied,  tiie  reason  tor  these 
corrections  must  also  be  recorded.  For  instance,  it  is  not  sullli- 
cient  to  state  the  index  error  of  a  sextant;  the  maiiiicr  of  ascer- 


11 


f  taining  it  and  the  readings  talceii  for  the  purpose  must  be 

recorded. 

Tlio  iog-boolc  should  contain  a  continuous  narrative  of  all 
that  is  done  by  the  expedition  and  of  all  incidents  which  occur 
on  shipboard,  and  a  similar  journal  should  be  kept  by  each 
sledge  party.  The  actual  observations  for  determining  time 
latitude,  the  sun's  bearing,  and  all  notes  having  reference  t(! 
mapping  the  shore,  soundings,  temperature,  &c.,  should  be 
entered  in  the  log-book  or  journal  in  tlie  regular  order  of  occur- 
rence. When  scientific  observations  are  more  fully  recorded 
m  the  notebooks  of  ihe  scientific  observer  than  can  be  con- 
veniently transcribed  into  the  log-book,  the  fact  of  the  obser- 
vation and  reference  to  the  note-book  should  be  entered. 

The  evidence  of  the  genuineness  of  the  observations  brought 
back  should  be  of  the  most  irrefragable  character.    Xo  erasures 
whatever,  with  rubber  or  knife,  should  be  made.    When  an 
e'.itry  re.piires  correction,  the  hgures  or  words  slumld  be  merely 
crossed  by  a  line  and  the  correct  figures  written  above. 

[J.  E.  H.J 

ASTRONOMY. 

Astronomical  oh.scrvatiom.—Om^  of  the  chronometers,  the 
mo.st  valuable,  if  there  is  any  difference,  should  be  select^  as 
the  standard  by  which  all  observations  are  to  be  made,  as  far 
as  practicable.  The  other  chronometers  should  all  be  compared 
with  this  every  day  at  the  time  of  winding,  and  the  compari- 
sons entered  in  the  astronomical  note-book. 

When  practicable,  the  altitude  or  zenith  distance  of  the  sun 
should  be  taken  four  times  a  day— morning  and  evening  for 
time;  noon  and  midnight  for  latitude.  The  chronometer  or 
watch  times  of  the  latitude  observations,  as  well  as  of  the  time 
observations,  should  always  be  recorded.  Each  observation 
should  always  be  repeated  at  least  three  times  in  all,  to  detect 
any  mistake. 

When  the  moon  is  visible,  three  measures  of  her  altitude 
should  be  taken  about  the  time  of  her  jiassage  over  each  car- 
dinal point  of  true  bearing,  ami  the  chronometer  time  of  each 
altitude  should  be  recorded. 

As  the  Greenwich  time  deduced  from  the  chronometers  will 
be  quite  unreliable  after  the  first  six  months,  it  will  be  neces- 
sary to  have  recourse  to  lunar  distances.    These  should   be 


•■:(' 


12 


)ii( 


iisuivd  fioin  tho  sun,  in  prcloieiicc  to  a  stiir,  w] 


])iiU'tical)l('  lo  do  so. 

K"  a  sextant  is  used  in   obsorvat 


I  on  over  it  i.> 


diameter  of  tlie  sun  or  moon  sliould   be  tal 
t'.vo  Tor  index  error. 


ion,  a  measure  of  tlie  sei 


Ill- 


ken  every  dav  o 


Tlie  observatioi 


IS  ai 


Ivii 


o("  tlie  jxirt 


■e  by  no  means  to  be  i»retermitted  wl 


)iX   in  port,   l)eeaus(i   tiiey    will    help  to  eorreet 


tl 


leii 


le  position 


The  observations  should,  if  convenient,  be  tal 


standard  cln'onometer  that  the  ol 

nieiit  of  observation  to  an  assistant  at  the  el 

is   to  note   the   time.      If  this  is  not  found 


Ivon  so  near  the 
)server  can  sio-iuil  the  mo- 


a  eoniitarinj--  watch  is  used,  the  watch-ti 


ironometer,  wjio 
convenient,   and 


me  and  the  comparison 


)e  carefidh 


of  the  watch  with  the  chronometer  should  both  1 
recorded. 

The  observations  made  by  the  main  party  should  be  all  written 
down  in  full  in  a  continuous  series  of  iu)te-books,  from  which 
I  hey  may  bo  copied  in  the  lo-      I'artieular  care  should  be  exer- 


cised in  always  recor.liny-  the  placr,  dafc,  and  limb  of 
moon   observed,  and   any   other  ])articul 
complete  uiiderstandiim'  of  tlu'  ol>servati 


sun  or 
irs  necessarv  to  the 


on. 


(S. 


X.J 
Obscrrafinns  at  irintcr  (/lutrters.—'nw  astronomical  transit  in- 

rvatory.     A  meridian 


strumeiit  will  be  set  up  in  a  suitable  obsi 

niai'k  should  be  established  as  soon  as  practicable,  and  the 

strunieiit  kept  with  constant  caro  in  the  vertical  plane  i 

throu-;']!  the  mark,  in  order  that  alio! 

to  bear  on  (h'termininj;-  the  (h'viati 

nierhlian  of  the  phuies.     The  transits  of 


HI- 


)assnu 


)servations  may  be  brouj^ht 

on  of  that  plane  from  the 

circumpolar  stars,  on 

lose  of  stars  near  the  ICquator, 


both  sides  of  the  Polo,  and  11 
should  be  frequently  observed 

.Alooneulminations,  includin-''  the  .transits  of  both  first  and 
.second  linil)s,  should  be  ob.served  for  the  det 
tude  indeiiendently  of  tiie  rates  of  the  cl 


ermination  of  ]onr>i- 
ironometers.  Twelve 
transits  of  each  limb  is  a  desirable  number  to  obtain— more,  if 
practicable.  ]f  any  occultations  of  bright  stars  by  the 
moon  are  visible,  they  should  be  likewi.se  observed. 


The  ob.servations  for  latitude  Mill  1 


)e  nuule  with  the  sextant 


le 


and  artilicial  horizon,  upon  stars  both  north  and  south  of  tl 
zenith. 

All  tlic  chrononu'ters  of  tlie  expedition  .slioukl  be  compared 
daily,  as  nearly  as  practicable  about  the  same  time. 


1 

Wlu'iiover  a  piiih-  leaves  th  iiiiaiieut  station  Ibi-  an  ex- 
ploratioii  ami  iiiiiiie.liately  iipd  as  retiini,  its  clu'oiiometer 
should  be  compared  with  the  staiidanl  ehrououieter  of  the 
station. 

OhserrafioiiN  dnrin;/  slahjc  or  boat  journnj-i.— The  instninieuts 
to  be  taken  are  the  small  Casella  theoih^lite,  or  a  pocket  sextant 
and  artificial  horizon,  one  or  more  chronometers,  and  a  prismatic 
compass,  for  taking-  magnetic  bearings  of  the  sun.  In  very  high 
latitudes  the  time  of  the  sun's  meridian  altitude  is  not  read- 
ily determined  ;  it  will  be  advisable,  therefore,  to  take  altitudes 
when  the  sun  is  near  the  meridian,  as  indicated  by  the  com- 
pass, with  regard  to  the  variations  of  the  compass,  as  derived 
from  an  isogonic  chart.  The  time  when  the  observation  is 
taken  will,  of  course,  be  noted  by  the  chronometer.  xVltitudes 
should  be  taken  in  this  way,  l)oth  to  the  south  and  north  of 
the  zenith;  they  will  enable  the  traveler  to  obtain  his  latitude 
at  once  very  nearly,  without  the  more  laborious  computation 
of  the  time. 

The  observations  for  time  should  be  taken  as  nearly  as  may 
bo  when  the  sun  is  at  right  angles  to  the  nuuidian,  to  the  east 
and  west,  the  compass  being  again  used  to  ascertain  the  i»roper 
direction.  This  method  of  proceeding  will  call  for  observations 
of  altitude  at  or  near  the  four  cardinal  points,  or  nearly  six 
hours  apart  in    ime. 

When  the  party  changes  its  place  in  the  interval  between 
their  observations,  it  is  necessary  to  have  sonu;  estimate  of  the 
distance  and  direction  traveled.    The  ultinuite  mapi)ing  of  the 

route  will  mainly  depoul  upon  the  astronomical  observations,  but 
no  pains  should  be  spared  to  n)ake  a  record  every  hour  of  the  esti- 
mated distance  traveled— by  log,  if  afloat— of  the  direction  of 
the  route,  by  compass,  and  of  bearings  of  distant  objects,  such 
as  peaks,  or  marked  headlands,  by  which  the  route  may  be 
plotted. 

Incaseof  a  fewdayshaltbeing  made  when  a  very  high  latitude 
has  been  reached,  or  at  any  time  during  the  summer's  explora- 
tions, a  special  object  of  caro  should  be  to  ascertain  the  a(;tual 
rate  of  the  chronometers  with  the  party.  To  this  end,  a  well-de- 
fined, fixed  object,  in  any  direction,  should  be  selected  as  a 
mark,  the  theodolite  pointed  on  it,  and  the  transit  of  tlie  sun 
over  its  vertical  observed  on  every  day  during  the  sojourn  at 
the  place.  If  the  party  be  onl.\  provided  with  a  sexiani.  then 
the  same  angular  distances  of  the  sun  from   a  fixed   object 


-i' 


H 


')*: 


14 

should  be  observed  on  successive  days,  the  ai.-les  beiii- chosen 
80  as  to  be  Ijetween  30°  and  4.jO.    For  instance,  set  the  sex 
taut  successively  to  40°,  to  40o  20',  40o  40',  &c.,  and  note  the 
time  Avhen  the  sun's  limb  comes  in  contact  ^vith  the  object 
The  same  distances  will  be  found  after  twenty-four  hours,  with' 
a  correction  for  change  in  the  sun's  declination.    The 'suns 
altitude  should  be  observed  before  and  alter  these  observations 
and  its  inagiietic  bearing  should  be  noted,  as  well  as  that  ot 
the  mark.    The  altitude  of  the  mark  shouhl  also  be  observed, 
if  ])racti(;able,  either  with  the  sextant  or  clinometer,  but  this 
is  not  essential.  rj   p^   jr  ; 

MAGXETISM. 

On  the  voyage  and  sledge-journey,  at  all  times  when  trav- 
eling, the  ilecliuatioH  or  variation  of  the  compass  should  be 
obtained  by  observing  the  magnetic  bearing  of  the  sun,  at 
least  once  every  day  on  which  the  sun  is  visible.  On  ship- 
board or  in  boats  the  azimuth  compass  is  to  be  used  ;  on  land 
the  small  theodolite  will  be  found  preferable. 

"When  afloat,  no  valuable  observations  of  the  magnetic  clip 
and  intomlij  are  practicable.  On  the  sledge-journey  the  dip- 
circle  may  be  carried,  and  when  halts  are  nnido  loiiger  than 
necessary  to  determine  the  place  by  astronomical  observations, 
the  (lip  and  relative  intensity,  acqording  to  Lloyd's  method, 
should  be  ascertained. 

At  winter  quarters,  in  addition  to  the  above-mentioned  ob- 
servations, those  ofahsolutc  horizontal  intensity  should  benuule 
with  the  theodolite  magnetometer,  including  the  determination 
of  moment  of  inertia.  Also  with  the  same  instrument  the  abso- 
lute declination  should  be  determined. 

The  least  that  the  observer  shoidd  be  satisfied  with  is  the 
complete  determination  of  the  three  magnetic  elements,  namely, 
declination,  dip,  and  horizontal  intensity.  At  one  period,  say 
within  one  week,  three  determinations  of  each  sliould  be  made. 

It  is  advisable  that  the  same  observations  be  repeated  on  three 
successive  days  of  each  month  during  the  stay  at  one  place ; 
and  that  on  three  days  of  each  month,  as  the  1st,  -Llth,  and  21st, 
or  any  other  days,  the  variation  of  the  declination-magnet  be 
read  every  half  hour  during  the  twenty-four  hours;  also  that 
the  magnetometer,  or  at  least  a  theodolite  with  compass,  re- 
main mounted  at  all  times,  that  the  variation  of  the  2ieedle 


15 


may  be  obscrvod  as  often  as  j.racticablc,  and  ospoeially  wlien 
uiMi.snal  displays  of  axrova  bomilis  take  idacc.  '     • 

In  all  eases  the  time,  which  forms  an  essential  part  of  the 
record,  should  be  carefully  noted. 

Xot  lon^r  before  starting-  on  a  sledge-jonrnoy  from  a  winter 
station,  and  soon  after  returning,  the  observations  with  tlie 
loaded  dipping  needles  for  relative  intensity  should  be  re- 
peated, in  order  to  have  a  trustworthy  comparison  for  the 
observations  which  have  been  made  on  the  journey. 

FORCE    OF   GRAVITY. 

As  the  long  winter  aftbrds  ample  leisure,  pendulum  experi- 
ments may  be  made  to  determine  the  force  of  gravity,  in  com- 
parison with  that  at  Washington,  where  observations  have 
been  made  with  the  Hayes  pendulum  lent  to  the  expedition. 
The  record  of  the  Washington  observations,  a  copy  of  which 
is  lurnislied,  will  serve  as  a  guide  in  making  the  observations. 
Special  care  should  be  taken  while  they  are  in  progress  to  de- 
termine the  rate  of  the  chronometer  with  great  piecision,  by 
observations  of  numerous  stars  with  the  astronomical  transit 
instrument,  the  pointing  of  which  on  a  fixed  mark  should  be 
frequently  verified. 

OCEAN  PHYSICS. 

l)eptJis.~Sox\u<\mgs  shoufd  be  taken  frecpiently,  when  in  mod- 
erate depths,  at  least  sufficiently  often  to  give  some  indicMtion 
of  the  general  depth  of  the  strait  or  sound  in  which  the  vessel  is 
afloat  at  the  time.  If  an  open  sea  be  reached,  it  should  be  (con- 
sidered of  the  greatest  importance  to  get  some  uieasure  of  its 
depth,  and  since  no  bulky  sounding  apparr-tus  can  be  carried 
across  the  ice  barrier,  the  boat  party  should  be  provided  with 
1,000  fathoms  of  small  twine,  marked  in  lengths  of  10  fathoms. 
Stones,  taken  on  board  when  the  boat  is  launched,  may  serve 
as  weights. 

Bottom  should  be  brought  up  whenever  practicable,  and 
specimens  i)reserved.  Circumstances  of  time  and  opportunity 
must  determine  whether  a  ilredye  can  be  used,  or  merely  a 
specimen-cup. 

Temperature  of  the  sea  sLo  id  be  observed  with  the  '•  Miller 
protected  bulb  thermometer"  made  by  Casella,  near  the  sur- 
face, about  two  fathoms  below  the  surface,  and  i.'oar  the  bot- 
tom.    When  time  permits,  observations  at  an   intermediate 


If*:  :J'j 


^■■ 


.      i 


I 


JiJil 


16 

(leptli  should  he  taken.  These  ol).servatioiis  have  a  partieulir 
beariii-  on  the  general  ciieuhitionof  the  ocean,  and  are  of  '^vt'nt 
iui])oitance.  '' 

T,V/(..v.— Ohs(«rvations  of  hif?h  and  h)\v  water,  as  to  time  and 
height,  shouhl  be  made  eontinuously  at  winter  quarters.  The 
metliod  a(h)i.ted  by  1  )r.  1  fayes  is  reeoinmemh'd.  It  consists  of  a. 
graduated  st.df  anchore<l  to  the  bottom,  directly  under  the"  ice- 
hole,"  by  ii  mushroom-anchor,  or  heavy  stone  and  a  chain, 
which  is  kept  stretched  by  a  counterweight  attached  to  a 
rope  that  passes  over  a  ])ulley  rigged  overhead.  The  readings 
are  taken  by  the  height  of  the  water  in  the  "ice-hole."  in  the 
course  of  a  few  days'  careful  observations  the  i)eriods  of  high 
and  h)w  water  will  becouu^,  sutliciently  well  known  to  predtct 
the  turns  api)roximating  from  day  to  day,  and  subsecpuMitly, 
observations  taken  every  live  minutes  for  lialf  an  hour,  al)()ut' 
the  anticipated  turn,  will  sullice,  provided  they  be  contiiuied 
until  the  turn  of  the  tide  has  beconui  well  marked. 

Tidal  observations  taken  at  other  points,  when  a  halt  is 
made  for  some  time,  even  if  continued  not  longer  than  a  week, 
will  be  of  special  value  as  alfording  an  indication  as  to  the 
direction  in  which  the  tide-Avave  is  progressing,  and  inferenti- 
ally  as  to  the  proximity  of  an  open  sea.  If,  as  the  expedition 
proceeds,  the  tide  is  fouiul  to  be  later,  the  indication  is  that 
the  ()pen  sea  is  far  distant,  if  indeed  the  channel  be  not  closed. 
But  if  the  tide  occurs  earlier,  as  the  ship  advances,  the  proba- 
bility is  strongly  in  favor  of  the  near  aiiproach  to  an  open,  deep 
sea,  communicating  directly  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

In  nudcing  such  a  comparison,  attention  must  be  paid  to  the 
semi-monthly  inequality  in  the  time  of  high  water,  which  may 
be  approximately  taken  from  tJie  observations  at  winter  quar- 
ters. Observations  made  av  the  same  age  of  the  moon,  in  dif- 
ferent places,  may  be  directly  compared. 

AVhen  the  water  is  opt;!,  the  tide  nuiy  be  observed  by  means 
of  a  graduated  pole  stuck  into  the  bottom;  or,  if  that  cannot  be 
couveniently  done,  by  means  of  a  marked  line,  anchored  to  the 
bottom,  and  tioated  by  a  light  buoy,  the  observation  beiug 
taken  by  hauling  uj)  the  line  taut  o\er  the  anchor. 

Ciarcnts.— it  is  extrenudy  desirable  to  obtain  some  idea  of  the 

currents  iu  the  open  polar  sea,  if  such  is  found.  No  special  obser- 

A-atious  can  be  indicated,  howevei-,  except  those  of  the  drift  of 

icebergs,  if  any  should  be  seen. 

lJen,siti/.~T\ni  densify  of  the  sea- water  should  be  frequently 


irc'iit 


Tlie 


*?r 


■1"' 


17 

to  the  1  onith  dc'CMM.al.  AVI.eiu'vor  ])ra(!ticabh',  wafor  sl.onhl  be 
brou«I.t  „p  fn>n,  niftWont  depths,  a.ul  its  do,  sity  onto  1  T  o 
siH'<.u„ens  shonhl  be  preserved  in  careluIly.seaU.d  bottled  m^  h 
a^vjew  to  the  subsequent  detennination  of  their  ZH!:::^ 

[.I.  K  II. \ 

METEOROLOGY. 

The  expe,lition  is  well  supplie.l  Avith  n.eteorolo-ieal  insfrn 
"-.ts,  all  the  standards,  with  the  exception  of  thH  e  "a 
1  n-om..tors,nianulaeture,l  by  (J.sella,  and  con.pared  it  he 
standards  of  the  Kew  Observatory  under  the  dh-  n "  iv" 
Mssor  IJaltour  S(..vart.  Dr.  JVssels  is  so  t^.n.iliar  wil  ,  ,  e 
of  n.strun.ents  an.l  so  well  acquainted  with  the  pr    ,•  X     ,f 

sh.  1  therefore  merely  call  attention,  by  way  of  renien; bm.ce 
to  tlH>,  several  points  worthy  of  special  notice         "'''"^"^••"^^'' 
iV.,,>..«,,,,     The  reoisters  of  the  ten.pera'ture,  as  well  as  of 
.0  baron.eter,  d.rection  of  the  wind,  and  moisture  of  the  '  tmos 
pl.ore  shouhl,  in  all  cases  in  which  it  is  possible  be     n  lo  i 
-Ml  when  that  cannot  be  <lone  they  sUom^^':^^^:'': 
o   two,  three,  f^nu-,  <,r  six  hours.     The  (on.pera      ^^^    ! 

The  n.ininK^Mi  tenM>erature  of  the  ice,  while  in  winter  nu.r 
tors,  should  bo  noted  from  time  to  tin.e,  perh,ns  .t  m  . 
<k'pths,  also  that  of  the  water  beneath  ^  ^  ^"^"''"* 

The  ten.perature  of  the  black-b.db  thermometer  in   vacuo 
exposed  to  the  sun,  and  also  that  of  the  black-bulb  free  t   the 
.should  be  frequently  observed  while  the  sun  is  on  the  me    li  u  ' 
and  at  «.ven  altitu.les  in  the  forenoon  an<l  afternoon  e!! 

h'tnr^""'^^'"'^^^  "^"^^'^'^^^  ^'"'^  -^-'^^-  ^'-~: 

i:xpmments  should  also  be  made  with  a  thennometer  in  the 
oeus  of  the  sdvered  mirror,  the  face  of  which  is  di  ec    d  to 

the  sky.     For  this  purjmse  the  ordinary  black  bulb  !  ! 

ter  n,ay  be  used  as  well  as  the  nake^'i^nlb  tl  :^2,^  r^'!;;;^ 
bormon.e  er  thus  placed  will  generally  indi^-ate  a  ow  I-  t^^ 

pora  ure  than  one  freely  exposed  to  radiation  fronx    he    rou  d 


IM 


2  r 


m 


18 


Compaiisou  may  also  bo  maile  betwtHiU  the  tonipcratiire  at 
diilerent  diHtunces  above  the  earth,  by  susin'iidiug  thenaciiie- 
tcrs  on  a  spar  at  ditleront  lu'iH'hts. 

The  temperature  ot'deei)soiindiii;''8  shouUl  be  taken  with  tht- 
thermometer  with  a  yiiard  to  obviate  tlie  pressure  of  tin- 
water.  As  the  tendency,  on  aeeount  of  the  revohition  of  the 
earth,  is  eonstantly  to  delleet  all  currents  to  the  riglit  hand  ol 
the  observer  lookinjjdown  stream,  the  variations  intemiteraturc 
in  connection  with  this  fact  may  serve  to  assist  in  indicating  the 
existence,  source,  and  direction  of  currents. 

The  depth  of  frost  should  be  ascertained,  and  also,  if  possi- 
ble, the  point  of  invariable  temperature.  For  this  purpose, 
augers  and  drills  with  long  stems  for  boring  deeply  should  be 
provided. 

rressuye  of  air. — A  series  of  comparative  observations  should 
be  made  of  the  indications  of  the  mercurial  and  aneroid  barom- 
eters. The  latter  will  be  atfected  by  the  variation  of  gravity 
as  well  as  of  temperature,  while  the  former  will  recpiire  a  cor- 
rection due  only  to  heat  and  capillarity. 

As  it  is  known  that  the  normal  height  of  the  barometer 
varies  in  ditt'erent  latitudes,  accurate  observations  in  the  Arctic 
regions,  with  this  instrument,  are  very  desirable,  especially  in 
connection  with  observations  on  the  moisture  of  the  atuu)sphere. 
since,  to  the  small  quantity  of  this  in  northern  latitudes,  the 
low  barometer,  which  is  observed  there,  has  been  attributed. 
I  think,  however,  it  will  be-found  that  the  true  cause  is  in  the 
rotation  of  th<  earth  on  its  axis,  which,  if  sufdcieutly  rapid, 
would  project  all  the  air  from  the  pole. 

In  the  latitude  of  about  00,  there  is  a  belt  around  the  earth 
in  which  the  barometer  stands  unusually  high,  and  in  which 
violent  fluctuations  occur.  This  will  probably  be  exhibited  in 
the  projection  of  the  curve  representing  the  normal  height  of 
the  barometri(!al  colunui  in  different  latitudes. 

Moisttire. — The  two  instruments  for  determining  the  moisture 
in  the  air  are  the  wet  and  dry  bulb  thermometer  and  the  dew- 
point  instrument,  as  improved  by  Ifegnaidt.  But  to  determine 
th(^  exact  quantity  in  the  atmosphere  in  the  Arctic  regions  will 
require  the  use  of  an  aspirator,  by  which  a  given  quantity  of 
air  can  be  passed  through  an  absorbing  substance,  such  as 
chloride  of  calcium,  and  the  increase,  of  weight  accurately  ascer- 
t!dned=  It  may,  h<t\vever,  be  readily  shown  that  the  amount  is 
very  small  iu  still  air. 


db. 


A  will 

ure,  and 

the  ice, 

tun^  tha 

The  ii 

exhales 

be  obvia 

Arctic  A 

the  deck 

a  jKit. 

teniperal 

within  01 

of  the  di 

The  vi 

importaii 

e^'er,  are 

more  soi 

into  the 

diminish 

it  exists, 

increases 

nomena  c 

Winds. 

regularly 

velocity 

at  which 

tion  ;  the 

time  of  ( 

clou<ls ;  t 

and  the  il 

force  and 

of  the  wii 

sists  of  t 

lOo.     Tht 

be  not  to{ 

the  feath 

direction 

can  be  ob; 

refer  to  tl 

arisen  on 

In  acco: 

in  his  woi 


19 


A  wind  from  ii  inoio,  .soutlunn  liititiMl(«  will  inCToaso  tlic  inoist- 
iiro,  aiul  uiiiy  f-ive  rise  to  thf^s.  Somctiiiies,  from  oi>(Miiii{.s  in 
tlic  ice,  vapor  may  be  exlialcd  from  water  of  a  higher  tempera- 
ti!r(^  than  the  air,  and  bo  immediately  precipitated  into  fo<>-. 

The  inconvenience  which  is  felt  from  the  moistnre  which 
exhales  with  the  breath  in  the  hold  of  the  vessel  may,  perhaps, 
bo  obviated  by  adoi)tin{,'  the  infrenions  expedient  of  one  of  tho 
Arctic  voyaffers,  viz,  by  making  a  number  of  lioles  through 
the  deck  and  inverting  over  them  a  hirge  metallic  vessel  like 
a  ]Ktt.  The  exterior  of  this  vessel  being  exposed  to  the  low 
temperature  of  the  air  without  would  condense  tho  moistnre  from 
within  on  its  interior  surface,  and  thus  serve,  on  the  principle 
of  the  dilfusion  of  vapor,  to  desiccate  the  air  below. 

The  variation  of  moisture  in  tho  atmosphere  performs  a  very 
important  part  in  all  meteorological  changes.  Its  etfects,  how- 
ever, are  probably  less  marked  in  the  Arctic  regions  than  in 
more  southern  latitudes.  The  first  efiecfc  of  the  introduction 
hito  tlie  atmosphere  of  moisture  is  to  expand  the  air  and  to 
diminish  its  weight;  i)ut  after  an  equilibrium  has  taken  place, 
it  exists,  as  it  were,  as  an  independent  atmosphere,  and  thus 
increases  the  pressure.  These  opposite  etfects  render  the  phe- 
nomena exceedingly  complex. 

Winds — As  to  these  the  following  observations  are  to  be 
regularly  and  carefully  registere<l,  namely:  Tho  average 
velocity  as  indicated  by  Robinson's  annemometer;  the  hour 
at  which  any  remarkable  change  takes  place  in  their  direc- 
tion ;  the  course  of  their  veering ;  the  existence  at  tho  same 
time  of  currents  in  different  directions  as  indicated  by  the 
clo^Kls ;  the  time  of  beginning  and  ending  of  hot  or  cold  winds, 
and  the  direction  from  which  they  come.  Observations  on  tho 
force  and  direction  of  the  wind  are  very  important.  The  form 
of  the  wind-vane  should  be  that  of  which  tho  feather  part  con- 
sists of  two  planes,  forming  between  them  an  angle  of  about 
lOo.  The  sensibility  of  this  instrument,  provided  its  Meight 
be  not  too  much  increased,  is  in  proportion  to  the  surface  of 
the  feather  planes.  Great  care  must  be  taken  to  enter  the 
direction  of  the  Avind  from  the  true  meridian,  whenever  this 
can  be  obtained,  and  in  all  cases  to  indicate  whether  the  entries 
refer  to  the  true  or  magnetic  Xorth.  Much  nncertainty  has 
arisen  on  account  of  the  neglect  of  this  precaution. 

In  accordance  with  tlie  results  obtained  by  Frofessor  Collin, 
in  his  work  on  the  resultant  direction  of  the  wind,  there  arc 


^^:tu^ 


i-l- 


20 


iiitlMMioitlMTiilirinisi.li(.iotliiresy.stein.sioii«Iilyn,m..simii.]iii'- 
with  Uw  (lillcnMit  zoims,  viz,  the  tinpiiiul,  in  wliidi  thcrcsiiUant 
in(»(i(.ii  is  toward  tlu'  wr.st,  tlic^  fciniu'iah',  towaid  the  east 
and  (he  Arctic,  in  wliich  it  is  ayain  toward  tln^  west.  ' 

In  tlic  discnssion  oral!  tlu'  (thscivations  Mm^  variation  of  tiu' 
tcnipcratnrc  and  tin;  nioistnrc  will  appeal  in  tlicir  connection 
witii  the  direction  of  tiic  wind.  Hence  the  iniportain-e  of  sininl 
tane(Mis  observations  on  these  elements,  and  also  on  the  atnio 
sphei'ic  pressure. 

Pirripitatioii.—TUo  e.\i»edition  will  be  fiirnishe<l  with  a  nnni- 
ber  of  rain-fian^cs,  the  contents  of  which  should  be  nieasiued 
after  each  sjiower.  JJy  invert in«;'  and  i»ressin-'  them  down- 
ward into  the  snow,  and  subse(|ueutly  ascertainin;;',  by  melt- 
iuin'  in  the  sanu'  vessel  the  amount  of  water  produced,  they 
will  serve  t(»  j-ive  the  precipitation  of  water  in  tlu',  form  of  snow. 
The  (h'pth  of  snow  can  be  measured  by  an  ordinary  measuring,' 
rod.  Mudi  dilliculty,  how(>ver,  is  sometinws  experienced  in 
obtainin-;-  the  depth  of  snow  on  account  of  its  driftin<;',  and 
it  is  sonu'tinu's  m)t  easy  to  distinguish  whether  snow  is  actu- 
ally falling?  or  merely  bcinj;'  driven  by  the  wind. 

The  character  of  the  snow  should  ])e  m)ted,  whether  it  is  in 
small  rounded  masses,  or  in  re.i^ular  crystals;  also  the  condi- 
tions under  which  these  different  forms  are  i)roduc,ed. 
'The  form  ami  Aveiyht  of  hailstones  should  be  noted,  whe- 
ther consisting  of  alteriiato  strata,  the  number  of  which  is  im- 
lM)rtant,  of  Uoccnlent  sim)w,  or  solid  ice,  or  agglutinations  ol' 
angular  crystals,  whether  of  a  spherical  form,  or  that  of  an  oi)- 
hite  spheroid. 

The  color  of  the  snow  should  be  observed  in  order  to  detect 
any  organisms  Mliich  it  may  contain,  and  also  any  sediment 
'which  may  remain  alter  evaporation,  whether  of  earthy  or 
vegetable  matter. 

Clou<ls.~Thc  character  of  the  clouds  should  be  describee'  and 
the  direction  of  motion  of  the  lower  and  the  higher  ones  regis- 
tered at  the  times  prescribed  for  tlu^  other  observations.  Since 
the  expedition  is  well  supplied  with  photographic  apparatus, 
frequent  views  of  the  clouds  and  of  the  general  aspect  of  the 
sky  should  bo  taken. 

Atirom.—Exevy  phase  of  tlie  aurora  borealis  will  of  course 
be  recorded;  also  the  exact  time  of  first  appearance  of  the 
meteor,  when  it  assumes  the  form  of  an  arch  or  a  corona,  and 
when  any  important  change  iu  its  general  aspect  takes  place. 


«. 


I 


21 

Thp  innftiu'f  ic  beai  in-  of  the  crown  of  tlio  nirli,  m»l  its  altihulo 
iit  ii  Kivcn  time,  nIioiiM  l.c  taken  ;  also  if  it  moves  to  the  south 
of  tho  obsc-rvcr,  tlie  tinu^  wlioii  it  passes  tlie  /.enitli  slioulU  bo 
noted.    The  tirix^  and  position  of  a  <"oiona  are  very  inipoitaiit. 

Two  distiiiet  arelies  have  sometimes  been  seen  eoexistin<i_ 
ono  in  the  east  and  tlie  other  in  ||.,.  west.  In  such  an  exbMti- 
tion  tlie  position  and  crown  of  each  arch  shouhl  be  <h'terinined. 
I)ra\vin;>.sof  the  anroia,  with  coh)red  crayons,  are  very  desir- 
able. In  h)wer  hititndes  a  (hirk  segment  is  nsnally  oi>served 
beneatli  the  arch,  the  oecurrenco  of  which,  and  the  <h'<.ree  of 
darkness,  shonhl  be  re-istered.  It  also  sometimes  happens 
that  a  sadden  precipitation  of  moisture  in  the  form  of  a  hazi- 
ness is  observed  t..  cover  the  face  of  tiie  sky  dnrinj;'  th(>  shoot- 
ing- of  the  beams  of  the  aurora.  Any  appearance  of  this  kind 
is  worthy  of  attention. 

Wav(^  motions  are  sometimes  observed,  and  it  wouhl  be  in- 
teresting to  note  whetiier  thes(.  are  from  east  to  west  or  in  the 
contrary  dirccticMi,  and  whetiier  they  have  any  rehition  .o  the 
direction  of  the  wind  at  the  time.  The  eoh)rs  of  the  b.'ams  and 
the  order  of  their  changes  may  be  important  in  forming  a 
theory  of  the  cause  of  the  i)henomena.  Any  simihirity  of 
appearance  to  the  plienomena  exiiiliited  in  (Jeissler's  ttd)es 
should  bo  noted,  esi)ecially  whether  there  is  unythin-  like 
stratification. 

The  aurora  should  bo  frequently  examined  by  the  spectro- 
scope, and  the  bri-;lit  lines  which  may  bo  seen  carefully  com- 
pared with  one  of  Kirchotfs  maps  of  the  solar  spectrum." 

To  settle  the  <piestiou  as  to  the  tiuoresconce  of  the  aurora 
and  its  eonse(iuont  connection  with  the  electric  dis(;har«-e,  a 
cone  of  light  leHected  from  the  silver-plated  mirror  should  be 
thrown  on  a  piece  of  white  ])aper  on  Avhich  cliaractters  have 
been  traced  with  a  brush  dipped  in  sulphate  of  quinine.  J]v 
thus  condensing  the  light  on  the  i)aper,  any  tiuorescence  which 
the  ray  may  contain  will  be  indicated  by  the  appearance  of  the 
previously  invisible  chara(^ters  in  a  green  (!olor. 

Careful  observations  should  be  made  to  ascertain  whetiier  tho 
aurora  ever  appears  over  an  expanse  of  thick  ice,  or  only  over 
hiJid  or  open  water,  ice  being  a  non-conductor  of  electricity. 

The  <iuestion  whether  the  aurora  is  ever  accompanied  with  a 
noise  has  often  been  agitated,  but  not  yet  apparently  definitely 
settled.    Attention  should  be  given  to  this  i)oint,  aiid  perhaps 


'm 


r 


22 

the  ii'siilt  iiiiiy  Itc  rciidcivd  iiinic  drniiitc  1>\  flic  use  of  two  our- 
triiin|»('t.s,  (itic  ii|)|)lic<l  to  cacli  car. 

Acronliiinr  to  Hanstopri,  the  aurora  coiisistM  of  liiiiiinuiis 
Immiiis,  naralh'l  ^o  tlio  tlippiii;?  iwcdln,  wliit-li  at  tiic  time  of  tlii> 
fonaatioii  ul'  t]n\  <-()roiia  am  slioofiii^  up  on  all  sidns  of  tlin  oli 
server,  and  also  tho  lower  pin-tioiis  of  tin  s(!  In'anis  are  j,'eiierallv 
invi.silile.  It  is,  tlien^fore,  interest  in;;-  to  ol)serv(!  whether  the 
auroial  beaniM  uro  over  interposed  ln'tweeii  the  observer  and  a 
distant  ininintain  or  vUnul,  esi)e(Mally  wiien  lookin}^  (.jtiicp  to 
the  east  or  west. 

The  elVeet  of  the  aUrora  on   the  nia;,nietisni  of  the  earth  will 

be  observed  by  abnormal  motion  of  the  ma^-netie  inrstrii lus 

for  observing;'  the  declination,  inclination,  and  intensity.  Tin. 
elfecit,  however,  may  bo  more  strikinKl.V  exhibited  by  means  of 
a  j;alvant)meter,  inserted  near  one  end  of  a  Ion;;'  insidated  wire 
extended  in  a  straij;lit  line,  the  two  extremitii's  of  which  are 
connected  with  plates  of  metal  plnn<,'ed  in  the  water,  it  may 
be  through  holes  in  the  ice,  or  immediately  connected  with  the 
^Toiuul. 

To  ascertain   Avhether  the  elfeet  on  the  needle  is  dne  to  an 
electrical  cnrrent  in  the  earth,  or  to  an  inductive  action  from 
without,  perhaps  the  followinj;- variation  of  the  precediii;;  ar 
ian;;ement  would  servo  to  givo  some  indic^ation.     Instead  of 
terminatinj;'  the  wn-e  in  a  jdate  of  metal,  plnn<,'ed  in  the  water, 
let  each  end  be  terminated  in  ;i  lar«e  metallic  insulated  surface, 
Kueh,  for  example,  as  a  large  wooden  disk,  rounded  al  the  edges 
and  covered  with  tin-foil.    If  the  action  be  purely  inductive,  the 
neodloof  the  gal  vauometer  inserted,  say,  near  one  oiulof  the  wire, 
would  i)i'obably  indicate  a  momentary  cnrrent  in  one  dirccition, 
aiidanotheriuthe()pposite,at  the  monu'Ut  of  theeessatiou  of  the 
action.    For  the  purjmse  of  (tarrying  out  this  investigation  tlie 
Smithsonian  Institution  has  furnished  tin  >'\jieditiou  witli  two 
reels  of  covered  wire,  each  a  milo  inlengtli,  oi'c  of  whicli  is  lo 
be  stretched  in  the  direction,  i)erliaps,  mi   t'.    miigneti('  meri- 
dian, and  the   other  at  right   angles  to  it.     It  would  be  well, 
however,  to  observe  the  etl'cet  with  the  wires  in  \arious  din^c- 
tions,  or  united  in  one  continuous  length. 

TJl(Ttri('ih/.—Vvom  the  small  rmount  of  moisture  in  the  at- 
lu  .'Sphere,  and  the  consetpu'ut  insulating  capacity  of  the  latter, 
.'.I  '  sturbances  of  the  electrical  eciuilibrium  will  be  seen  in 
the  iVeqtient  production  of  light  and  sparks  on  the  friction  and 


m 


23 

:i;,'itiiti()n  of  all  i)iirtially  iioii-coiHlnctiii;,'  siiltstaJiooa.  Any  un- 
usual ncciinciu'cs  of  tliJM  ki!i(l,  such  as  clcclrical  discliaryos 
tVoiii  pointed  lotls,  IVoiu  Hm'  ends  of  spars,  or  IVom  tlic  linf^ors 
of  tlio  obsi'i'vcr,  slionlu  \w  recordi'd. 

Ari';,adar  soiics  of  ohscivations should  be  uuidc  on  the  char- 
a('t«'r  and  intensity  of  tlu'  clcctiicity  (»f  the  atniosphcn^  by 
means  of  an  electrometer,  furnished  witii  a  polished,  iusuiatod, 
inctallic  ball,  several  inches  in  diameter,  and  two  piles  of  I)e- 
luc  to  in<Iieato  the  eharacter  of  the  electricity,  whethei  -f  or 
— ;  ami  also  supplied  with  a  scale  to  measure  by  the  diverj;- 
cncy  of  a  needle  the  decree  of  intensity.  This  instr'uneut  «"in 
be  used  either  to  imiicale  the  electricity  of  t!ie  air  l>y  induc- 
ti(ui  or  by  conduction.  In  the  tirst  case  it  is  only  necessary  to 
elevate  it  above  a  nornnd  plane  by  nu'ans  ol  a  tli^'ht  of  steps, 
say  eiyht  or  ten  feet,  to  touch  the  ball  at  this  elevation  ami 
aj^ain  to  restor(^  it  to  its  llrst  jxtsition,  when  it  will  be  found 
chai<;-ed  with  j'lectricity  of  the  sana- character  as  that  of  the 
air.  Or  the  ball  amy  be  brou^jht  in  contact  with  the  lowi'rend 
of  an  insulated  nu'tallie  wire,  to  the  ui»i)er  end  of  which  i.s 
attached  a  li.i^hted  piece  of  twisted  i)aiter  which  has  l)een 
dried  after  previous  saturation  in  a  solution  of  uitiate  of  lead. 

Thunder-storms  are  rare  in  the  Arctic,  rejuions,  although  they 
spmetinies  occur;  and  in  this  ease  it  is  important  to  observe 
the  j)oint  in  the  horizon  in  whicii  the  storm-cloud  arises;  also 
the  dii'cction  of  the  wind  durinj^tho  ])assa;;'e  of  the  storm  over 
the  jdace  of  the  observer;  and  also  the  character  of  the  li<,dit- 
nin<>' — whether  zijy-zaj-',  randfied,  ov  direct;  also  its  direction — 
whether  from  cloud  to  cloud,  or  from  a  cloud  to  the  earth. 

Optical  pIicHomnia. — Mirage  should  always  be  noted,  as  it 
servi'S  to  indicate  the  ])ositiou  of  strata  of  greater  or  less  den- 
sity, which  may  be  produced  by  open  water,  as  in  the  case;  of 
lateral  nura<;e,  or  by  a  current  of  wind  or  warmer  air  alony  the 
surface. 

The  ])o]ari/ation  of  the  li,yht  of  the  sKy  can  be  observed  by 
means  of  a  polariscope,  eonsistiu;;-  of  a  plate  of  tourmaline  with 
a  slice  of  Iceland  spar,  or  a  crystal  of  nitre  cut  at  ri<,dit  an;;les 
to  its  oi»tical  axis,  on  the  side  farthest  from  the  eye.  AVith  this 
simple  instnnnent  the  fact  of  polarization  is  readily  detected,  as 
well  as  the  plane  in  which  it  is  exhibited. 

Ilalos,  parhelia,  corona',  lumim)us  arches,  and  glories  sl-.ould 
ill  be  noted,  both  as  to  time  of  appearance   and  any  peciili- 


24 


arily  of  coiulitiou  of  the  atinosi)l.oro.     Soi.io  of  tlu-s,.  „i.,> 
uoumia  hiivc  been  soeu  on  tlie  siufjicc  of  tlu'  ice  "bv  fl.  ' 
roJieetioM  of  the  sun's  beams,  from  a  surface  (,u  which  crystals 
J'"<>  '>"•'•.  K.n.KMl  by  the  free/.ino.  of  a  fo«-  sinu.Itaneouslv  wi,U 
usMMilar  appearance  in  tlie  sky,  the  f.nnier  bein- a  continui 
tion,  as  It  were,  and  not  a  reflection  of  the  latter. 

In  the  lalitude  of  Washin-ton,  inunediatelv  after  the  sun 
has  sunk  l)elow  the  western  ]iori/,)n,  there  fre.jueutly  appcu- 
taint  parallel  bands  of  colors  just  above  the  eastern  'in.riz.m 
which  may  very  ])ossibly  be  due  to  the  dispersion  of  the  li-ht 
by  the  convex  form  of  the  atinosi.here,  and  also,  at  some  tinu's' 
shj-htly  colored  beams  crossin-  the  heavens  like  meridi„,s' 
and  conver-in-;-  to  a  point  in  the  eastern  horizon.  Any  ippUr' 
anee  of  this  kind  should  be  carefully  noted  and  described      ' 

.1/r^mr.v.— Shooting  stars  and  meteors  of  all  kinds  sln.uld  be 
observed  with  the  spectroscope.  The  direction  and  lenofh  of 
their  motion  should  be  traced  on  star-mai)s,  and  espe.ial  atten 
tion  -iven  at  the  stated  periods  in  Auj-ust  and  Nov.'mb.'r  V 
remarkable  disturbance  of  the  aurora  has  been  seen  <lurino-  the 
passaov  of  a  meteor  through  its  beams.  Any  pheiu.meuon  of 
this  kind  should  be  minutely  describe<l. 

Ozone— Tho  expedition  is  furnished  with  a  (puiutity  of  ozone 
test  paper,  observations  with  which  can  only  be  rend'eivd  com- 
parable  by   projecting  against   the  sensitized  paper  a  ..jven 
quantity  of  atmospheric  air.     For  this  purpose  an  aspirator 
should  be  used,  which  may  be  made  by  fastening  together  two 
small  casks,  one  of  which  is  filled  witii  water,  with  their  axes 
parallel,  by  means  of  a  piece  of  plank  nailed  across  the  heads 
through  the  middle  of  which  is  passed  an  iron  axis  ou  which 
the  two  casks  may  be  made  to  revolve,  and  the  full  cask  may 
readily  be  placed  above  the  empty  so  that  its  contents  may 
gradually  descend  into  the  latter.     J)uring  the  runnhig  of  the 
Avater  from  the  upper  cask,  an  ecpial  (piantity  of  air  i.s  drawn 
through  a  small   adjutage  into  a  closed  vessel  and  made  to 
impinge  upon  the  tesf.pai)er.    The  vessel  containing  the  test- 
paper  should  be  united  with  the  aspirator  by  means  of  an  India- 
wibber  tube. 

MisoeUancoiiN.— The  conduction  of  sound  during  still  weather, 
through  the  air  over  the  ice,  throught  he  ice  itself,  and  through 
the  water,  may  be  studied. 

Evaporation  of  snow,  ice,  and  water  may  be  measured  by  a 
balance,  of  which  the  pan  is  of  ;i  given  dimensiou. 


I- 


sel 


ii) 


Expornnents  on  the  resistance  of  water  to  tVeezmg  in  a  con- 
imed  space  at  a  low  tcn.perature,  may  be  nuule  witli  small  bomb- 
sl.ells  closed  with  screw-plno-s  of  iron.  The  fact  uf  the  liqTii.litv 
ot  the  water  at  a  very  low  temperature  may  be  deternuned  by- 
he  percnssmn  of  a  small  iron  bnllet,  or  by  simply  inverting-  the 
shell,  when  the  ball,  if  the  li.piid  re.nains  unfrozen,  will  be  found 
at  the  lowest  point.  It  miyl,t  be  better,  however,  to  en.ploy 
vessels  ot  wrouoht  iron  especially  prepared  for  the  purpose, 
since  the  porosity  of  cast-iron  is  such  that  the  water  will  be 
forced  throuf-h  the  pores,  e.  r,.,  the  lower  end  of  a  gun  barrel, 

which,  t,omthesmallnessofitsdiametei-,willsustainanimmense 
pressure,  and  through  which  the  percussion  of  the  inclosed  bid- 
let  may  be  more  readily  heard.  Water,  in  a  thin  metallic  ves- 
sel exposed  on  all  sides  to  the  cold,  sometimes  givc-s  rise  to 
hollow  crystals  of  a  remarkable  shape  and  size,  projecting  above 
the  level  surface  of  the  water,  and  exhibits  phenomena  worthy 
ot  study.  '* 

Experiments  maybe  ma<le  onregelation,  theplasticiiy  of  ice 
the  consolidation  of  snow  into  ice,  the  expansion  of  ice,  itscon- 
.Inct.ng  power  for  heat,  and  the  various  forms  of  its  crystalli- 
zatiou.  Ihe  ellect  of  intense  cold  should  be  studied  on  potas- 
snin.,  soduun,  and  other  substance^,  especially  in  relation  to 
their  oxidation. 

Tiie  melting  point  of  mercury  should  be  observed,  particularly 
as  a  means  of  correcting  the  graduation  of  thermometers  at  low 
temi.eratures.  The  resistance  to  free/ing  of  minute  drops  of 
mercury,  as  has  been  stated,  should  be  tested. 

Facts  long  observed,  when  studied  under  new  conditions, 
scarcely  e\er  fad  to  yield  new  and  interesting  results.     f,J.  1 1. 1 

NATURAL  IILSTOllY. 

Ohjoets  Of  natural  history  of  all  kinds  should  be  collected, 
and  m  as  large  numbers  as  possible.  For  this  purpose  all 
on  board  the  vessel,  both  of.icers  and  sailors,  should  be  re- 
ijuired  to  collect,  upon  every  lavorable  opporiunitv,  and  to 
dHner  the  specimens  obtained  to  those  appointed  to  have 
cliarge  of  them. 

Zniihf/jj.-The  terrestrial  mammals  of  Greenland  are  prettv 
wi-ll  known,  but  it  is  still  desirable  f  .tt  a  series,  as  complete  as 
possible,  of  the  skins  should  be  preserved,  great  care  being 
taivcu  to  always  indicate  upon  the  label  to  be  attached   the 


f* 


26 

sex,  iind  probablo  a}?o,  as  well  as  tlie  locality  and  dato  of  r'M])- 
turo.  Tlio  skeleton,  and,  Avlien  it  is  not  ])ossihle  to  yc't  this 
complete,  any  detached  bones,  particularly  the  skull  and  at- 
tached cervical  vertebra',  are  very  desirable.  Iiiterestin<?  soft 
parts,  especially  the  brain,  and  also  embryos,  are  very  import- 
ant. I^' it  should  l)e  considered  necessary- to  record  measure- 
ments, .hey  should  be  taken  from  s])('cinn'iis  recently  killed. 

Of  walruses  and  seals,  there  should  be  collected  as  nnuiy 
skeletons  as  possible,  of  old  and  younj-- individuals  ;  also  skins, 
especially  of  tJic  seals.  Notes  should  be  made  rejiardinj^'  the 
habits  in  ,!;eneral,  food,  i)eriod  of  copulation,  duration  of  jicsta- 
tion  and  time  of  miiiration,  it  bciny  desirable  to  Iind  out  whether 
their  migrations  are  jjciiodical. 

Of  the  Cetacca,  when  these  are  too  larj-e  to  be  taken  on  board 
the'  vessel,  the  skull  and  cervical  vertebra',  the  bones  of  the 
extremities  and  penis,  and  whatever  else  may  be  deemed 
Avortiiy  of  preservation,  should  be  secured.  All  the  animals 
should  be  exanuned  for  ecto  and  ento-parasites,  and  the  means 
by  which  they  become  allixed  to  the  aninnds  noted. 

^'oUect  carefully  the  species  of  jV//fK/r.s',  {lemmuu/s,)  Arefomi/.s, 
and  .'hT/Vo/^f,  so  as  to  determine  the  variations  with  locality 
and  season.  The  relationshi[»  of  two  kinds  of  foxes,  the  nine 
and  white,  should  be  studied  to  determine  their  specific  oi'otiier 
relationship.  Any  brown  bears  should  be  carefully  collecte<l, 
both  skin  and  skeleton,  to  determiiu'  whether  identical  or  not 
Avith  the  Old  World   Cr.sits  ttirtos. 

Ileference  has  ;dready  been  made  to  the  seals  and  cetaceans: 
of  these  the  I'Im-a  cristata,  the  white  whale,  (Ikliiffd,)  and  the 
Monodoii  are  i)artieularly  desired. 

What  has  (wen  said  in  regard  to  the  mammals  will  ajtply 
e(pudly  well  to  tlie  bii<l.<\  skins  and  skeletons  bein<;-  ('(jually 
desirable.  It  is  especially  important  that  the//T.s7/  colors  of  tlie 
bill,  cere,  j;iinis,  eyes,  and  feet,  or  caruncles,  or  bare  skin,  if 
there  be  any,  should  be  noted,  as  the  colors  of  these  parts  all 
chanf;e  after  the  i>re])aration  of  a  specimen. 

Of  bii'ds,  the  smaller  land  species  are  of  the  <;reatest  inter- 
est, and  complete  series  of  them  should  be  s'atliered.  Tlie 
northern  range  of  the  insectivorous  species  should  be  especially 
inquired  into.  The  arctic  falcons  should  be  collected  in  all 
their  varieties,  to  ascertain  whether  there  are  two  forms,  a  brown 
and  white,  distinct  through  life,  or  whether  one  changes  with 
age  into  the  other. 


curetl. 


k'(!. 


27 

In.iuiiy  slK.uld  1.0  (lircetod  to  the  occurrence  of  nmilcla  hu- 
(■op.s,.s,  A,mr  cincnuis,  or  other  hirgc  ffray  seesc,  niid  the  Camp- 
fohvtuHs  Lahmdora,  iiiul  a  lar^e  iminl.cr  of  specimens,  of  the  hit- 
tor  especially,  should  l.o  obtained.  Jiidood  the  j,^ooso  and  ducks 
Sonorally  should  form  subjects  of  special  oxaniination.  Anions? 
the  LnrUlcv  the  most  important  species  is  the  Lants  rossii  or 
h'ltodofttefhia  rosea,  scarcely  known  in  collections.  A  large  num- 
ber of  skins  and  of  e-.<is  will  be  .  valuable  ac(piisition.  Lnnis 
rhnnicuH  is  also  worthy  of  bcin-  collected.  The  Alcida'  should 
be  carefidly  examined  for  any  new  forms,  and  in(iuiriesdirect<-d 
iu  regard  to  the  .l/('((  l»q)cnniit. 

Of  all  birds'  eggs  an  amjde  store  should  be  gathered  ;  and 
th(^  skeletons  of  UwArcfir  rapfoyes  ixml  the  .V^(^aVo/Y.v  generally. 
It  will  be  a  matter  of  much  iini»ortance  to  ascertain  what  is 
the  extreme  luuthern  range  of  the  continental  species  of  i>irds, 
and  whether,  iu  the  liighest  latitudes,  the  European  forms 
known  to  occur  in  (Jreenland  cross  Dalliu's  IJay. 

Kggs  and  nests  of  bii'ds,  in  as  large  iniiidVrs  as  ])ossil)le, 
should  be  procured,  great  care  being  takcui,  however,  in  all 
eases  to  identify  them  by  the  parents  which  mav  be  shot,  ami 
some  portion,  if  not  all  of  tliem,  preserved,  if  not  recognized 
by  the  eoUector.    All  the  eggs  of  one  set  should  be  marked 
with  the  same  umnber,  that  they  mny  not  be  separated  ;  the 
parent  bird,  if  collected,  likewise  receiving  the  sanu'  number. 
It  should  also  1)0  stated,  if  known,  how  long  the  eggs  have  been' 
set  upon,  as  incubation  influences  very  much  tluMr  color;  the 
situation  of  the  m\st  also  is  very  im])ortant.    Xotes  on'  the 
jnanner  of  nesting,  localities  selected,  and  other  peculiariti(>s 
of    breeding,   should    be    carefully  kept;    whether  thev  arc 
polygamous,  whether  there  are  struggles  between  the  males, 
ami  the  manner  in  which  the  old  birds  feed  their  voung;  aii<l 
whether  these  remain  helpless  in  the  nest  f<n-  a  given  thne,  or 
whether  they  accompany  the  ])arents  from  birth.    A  Jfmrnal  of 
the  arrival  and  departure  of  the  migratory  sjx'cies  should  also 
be  ke])t,  to  iind  out  whether  those  which   leave  latest  retain 
earliest,  and  rice  versa. 

Of  lishes  that  are  obtained,  the  best  speeiiaens  should  be 
photographed,  the  fresh  colors  noted,  and  then  thev  should 
be  preserved  in  alcohol  or  carbolic  acid. 

Among  the  lishes  the  ^almonida',  Cottlda;  Cadidn'  and  Vlii- 
peuhr,  will  be  of  most  interest,  and  good  series  should  be  se- 
cured. 


#f 


¥ 


28 

Tho  tciTcstriiil  inferior  imiiiial.s  slioiikl  be  all  collected,  e;icli 
class  ill  its  ai)i)r()i)riatc  way. 

Try  to  get  hu^ic  of  insects,  and  observe  tlieir  life,  svliether 
tbey  are  well  a(liii)te(l  to  tbeir  snrrouiulings;  for  in  i.roi.ortioi, 
to  tbe  insects  are  tlio  nninber  of  insectivorons  aninuils,  and 
for  tliat  reason  tlie  stru'-f-ie  ibr  life  would  be  mmv  ener^ictie 
and,  tberefore,  oidy  tbose  insects  wliich  arc  best  adapted  h>  (lie 
conditions  will  survive. 

Inferior  marine  animals  are  usually  collected  by  two  metliods, 
viz,  witli  a  pelagic  net  and  by  a  dredj>'.  IJoth  Uiese  methods 
slionld  be  empbtyed  whenever  practicable.  Especial  attenlion 
shonld  be  paid  to  the  larva',  of  which  sketches  should  be 
uiiide.  The  results  of  the  dred<;iny-  shonld  be  noted  in  blanks 
printed  for  this  purpose,  the  specimens  to  be  preserved  as  their 
constitution  recpiires.  :\In]ler's  licpior,  glycerine,  sohition  of 
alcohol  and  sugar,  tS:c. 

It  would  l)(i  of  i)ecu]iar  interest  to  stndy  the  sever;il  dee]) 
regions,  admitted  by  Forbes  and  otliers,  to'  ascertain  if  in  the 
Arcti(!  regions  the  intensity  of  color  increases  with  tin;  dei»tii,  as 
has  been  stilted  to  be  the  c;ise  with  red  and  violet,  which,  if  trne, 
would  be  jnst  tbe  contrary  to  m  hat  is  observed  in  tlie  temper- 
ate and  tropical  regions. 

Of  shells  two  sets  should  be  preserved,  one  dry  and  the,  other 
with  the  animal,  in  alcohol ;  the  dry  shell  is  necessary  from  the 
fact  that  the  alcohol,  by  the  acetic  acid  prodnced,  is  ajit  to 
destroy  the  color. 

It  is  particularly  important  to  get  as  fidl  a  series  as  ])ossible 
of  the  members  of  the  smaller  families,  with  a  view  to  tiie  pre- 
paration of  monographs. 

Tliere  shoidd  be  paid  as  much  attention  as  possible  to  the 
fauna  of  fresh-water  lakes  to  ascertain  whether  they  contain 
marine  forms,  as  has  been  found  to  be  the  case  witii  some  of 
those  in  Xortb  America,  Scandinavia,  Italy,  and  other  coun- 
tries. From  this,  important  conclnsions  regarding  the  rising 
of  tho  coast  may  be  arrived  at. 

liotany.—Vhiutfi  are  to  be  collected  in  two  Avavs.  Of  each 
species  some  specimens  should  be  i>nt  in  alcohol  to  serve  for  study- 
ing the  anatomy;  the  others  to  be  dried  between  sheets  of  blot- 
ting paper.  Thelocality  of  eadi  specimen  shonld  be  iM)ted,  also 
its  situation,  the  character  of  the  soil  and  lu-ight  above  the  sea, 


29 

tl.e  season,  and  wlu'tL.T  tl.oiT  is  heUotro,mmus,  .^o  &,  j,, 
tl.e  «onc;ral  i.otos  ti.ere  should  1,.  reiuarks  ou  tl.e  horizontal 
!in<l  voitical  distribution. 

(JEOLOGV. 

The  most   in.imrtant  point   in  the  olleetion  of   o,,,]„...ical 
SDeunjeijs-whether  they  consist  o,' n.ks,  nunerals,^-  i;;;.i,s 
-IS,  tha     on  breakin-  or  dio-jno.  them  from    the  matn\  or 
bod,  each   uulividnal    speein.eu  should   be  earefullv  wrapne.l 
seimratelv  in  pbabk,  but  stron.^  paper,  with  a  label  desio,,  t  ,.1 
he  exact  locality  from  which  it  uas  obtaine.I.     If  t.o  ;:r  uunv 
1.CM18  of  rock  (sandstone,  linu^stone,  clay,  marl,  or  other  n.a.erial) 
occur  ar  the  loc-abty  from  which  specimens  are  taken,  the  lal,el 
s^.ou  d  a  so  have  a  nun.ber  on  it  corresponding  to  the  particular 
H'd  m  wluch  ,t  was  found,  as  desi,„mted  in  a  secti.n!  nnule  on 
the  spot  in  a  uote-book.     Tigs  shouhl  be  done  in  or,h>r  that 
he  specunens  from  each  bed  may  be  separated  from   those 
i<»nnd    ,n  others,  Mhether  the  beds    are  separable  bv    ditfer- 
<;nces  ol  con.position,  or  by  difterences  in  the  groups  of  fossils 
found  ,u  each;  an.l  it  is,  n.oreover,  often   important  that  this 
care  should  be  obserxed,  even  when  one  or  n.or(>  of  the  b(.,ls 
are  ot  inconsiderable  thickness,  if  .s„ch  beds  are  ciiara.'teri/ed 
>>-lH-cuhar  tbssils.     For  in  such  cases   it  olleu  happens  that 
Mhat  u.ay  be  a  mere   scan,  at  one  phu-e  ,nav  repres.mt  an 
important  formation  at  another.  .       i  . 

«l)ocimens  taken  directly  fron.  ro.-ks  in  j.lace  are,  of  course 
nsuallymore  instructive  than  those  found  loose;  but  it  often' 
I'nppens  that  much  better  specinums  of  fossils  can  be  found 
a  ready  weathered  out,  and  lying  detaclu-d  about  an  outcrop 
ot  hard  rock,  tliau  can  be  broken  from  it.  These  .-an  Qenerallv 
be  referred  to  their  place  in  the  section  noted  at  the'  localitv 
by  adhering  p,>,tiou.s  o^"  the  nuitrix,  or  from  tiuding  nu,re  or 
CSS  perfect  examples  of  the  same  species  in  the  beds  in  place  • 
but  It  is  usually  the  better  plan  to  note  on  the  labels  of  sm-h 
.spccnuens  that  they  were  found  loose,  especially  if  there  are 
any  evuleuces  that  they  may  have  been  transported  from  some 
other  locality  by  drift  agencies. 

All  exposures  of  rocks,  ami  especially  those  of  limestone, 
should  be  carefully  examined  for  fossils,  for  it  often  happens 
that  hard  limestones  and  other  xocks  that  show  uo  traces  of  or- 


m 


30 


giiiiic  icniaiiis  on  tho  natural  snrCacos,  (covorod,  as  thoy  ofton 
are,  Avith  lichens  and  mosses,)  will  be  found  to  contain  fossils 
when  broken  into.  In  eases  Avhere  fossils  are  found  to  exist  in 
a  hard  rock,  if  time  and  other  circumstances  permit,  it  is  de- 
sirable that  it  should  be  vigorously  broken  -with  a  heavy  ham- 
mer provided  foi"  that  purpose,  and  as  nmny  specinuMis  of  the 
fossils  as  possible  (or  as  the  means  of  transportation  w  ill  per- 
mit) should  be  collected. 

Fossils  from  rocks  of  all  aj>es  will,  of  course,  be  interesting- 
and  instructive,  but  it  is  particularly  desirable  that  organic  re- 
nniins  found  in  tlu^  later  tertiary  and  quaternary  formations 
of  these  hiyh  northern  latitudes,  if  any  such  exist  there,  should 
be  collected.  These,  whether  of  animals  or  plants,  would  throw 
much  light  on  the  question  respecting  the  climatic  conditions 
of  the  polar  regions  at,  or  just  preceding,  the  advent  of  man. 

Specimens  illustrating  the  lithological  character  of  all  the 
rocks  observed  in  each  district  explored  should  also  be  col- 
lected, as  well  as  of  the  organic  rennuns  found  in  fossiliferous 
beds ;  also  of  all  kinds  of  minerals.  Those  of  rocks  and  anior- 
])hous  minerals  should  be  trimmed  to  as  nearly  the  same  size 
and  forui  as  can  conveniently  be  done — say  .'5  by  4  inches  wide 
and  long,  and  1;^  inches  in  thickness.  Crystalline  nunerals  ought, 
of  course,  to  be  broken  from  the  nuitrix,  rather  with  the  view 
of  i)reserving  the  crystals,  as  far  as  possible,  than  with  regard 
to  the  size  or  form  of  the  hand  specimens;  and  the  same  remark 
applies  equally  to  fossils. 

On  an  overland  journey  the  circumstances  may  not  aJicai/sho 
such  as  to  allow  the  necessary  time  to  wrap  carefully  and  label 
specimens  on  the  spot  where  they  were  collected  ;  but  in  such 
cases  mimbers  or  some  other  marks  should  be  scratched  Avith 
the  point  of  a  knife,  or  other  hard-pointed  instrument,  on  each, 
by  means  of  which  the  specimens  collected  at  different  times 
and  places  during  the  nuirch  can  be  correctly  separated,  la- 
beled, and  wrai)ped  when  the  party  stops  for  rest. 

All  specimens  should  be  ])acked  tightly  in  boxes  as  soon  as 
enough  have  been  collected  to  fill  a  box,  and  a  label  should  be 
attached  to  each  box  indicating  the  particular  district  of  country 
in  which  the  collections  were  obtained.  For  this  purpose  empty 
provision  boxes  or  packages  can  generally  be  used. 

In  examining  sections  or  exposures  of  rocks  along  a  shore 
or  elsewhere,  it  is  a  goixl  plan  to  make  a  rough  sketch  in  a 
note-book,  tli 


3 

Clay. 

4 

Shnlc 

3 

Clay. 

2 

Saudt 

1 

Lime 

5  I  Ui 


I, 


nus ; 


la- 


•^  1 

Siic  riox  1. 

J 

Clay. 

S  feet. 

4 

Shiil.'. 

i 
7 

tVct. 

U 

Clny. 

j  li  feet. 

2 

Sandstone. 

13  feet. 

' 

I.inic.st()ii(>. 

10  foot. 


Tlicii  on  the  same  or  followino-pnoos,  more  particular  descrip- 
tions of  the  nature  and  comi)osition  of  tlie  several  beds  should 
be  written,  referring  to  each  by  its  number.  Sections  of  this 
kind  should  be  numbered  1,  2,  3,  and  so  on,  iu  the  order  in 
which  they  were  observed,  and  the  specimens  from  each  bed 
ought  also  to  be  numbered  on  its  label  so  as  to  correspond 
That  is,  speijimens  from  the  lowest  bed  of  the  tirst  section 
should  be,  for  instance,  marked  thus :  "  Section  No.  1,  bed  No.  1  " 
and  so  on.  The  name  of  the  locality,  however,  should  also  as 
already  suggested,  be  written  on  the  labels  as  a  provision 
against  the  possible  loss  of  note-books. 

It  generally  happens  that  an  outcioi>  will  show  only  n  part 
of  the  beds  of  which  it  is  composed,  thus : 


5 

Unexposed. 

\.           10  feet. 

7  feet. 

8  feet. 

4 

Liiiicstoiie. 

3 

- 
Uuexpo-scd  space. 

2 

Limestone. 

11  feet. 

^ 

.Saiidstdiic. 

1.")  feet. 


In  such  a  case  the  facts  should  be  noted  exactly  as  seen, 
without  any  attemj.t  to  guess  at  the  nature  of  the  material 
that  may  till  the  unexposed  .spaces;  but,  generallv,  bv  compar- 
ing difterent  sections  of  this  kind  taken  in  the. same  iegi(m, 
the  entire  structure  of  a  district  may  be  made  out. 

The  dip  and  strike  of  strata  should  also  be  carefully  ob.served 
and  noted, as  well  as  the  occurrence  of  dikes  or  other  outbursts 


nf 


32 

of  i^uooiis  roclvs,  and  the  olUrts  of  the  liiftcr  on  tlio  (•(.iKif-uoiis 
.strata. 

All  cvkIciiccs  ()(■  the  olcvatioii  or  sinking'  of  coasts  sliould 
likewise  be  earefiill.v  oliscvved  and  noted. 

lOspeeial  attention  should  he  nivon  to  -lacial  idieiK.ineiia  of 
every  kind,  such  as  the  formation,  sizi',  movements,  i^vm'.  of 
existinj;'  j-laciers,  their  nbradinyand  othereireels  uiM)n  the  s'uh 
.jaeent  roeks,  their  formation  of  moraines,  ^:e. ;  also,  the  forma- 
lion,  extent,  and  movements  of  ieeberys,  and  their  jiower  of 
Iransportin.n'  masses  of  roek,  t.\:e. 

At  Cape  Fra/.(>r,  b(>t\veeii  latitude  MP  north  and  lon;iitade 
70°  west,  ])r.  Hayes  found  some  upper  siluriaii  fossils  in  a  hai'd 
i^ray  limestone.  This  roek  doid)tless  has  a  rather  wide  exten- 
sion in  llie  eonntry  referred  to.  as  other  e\i>lorers  have  bron-hi 
Silurian  fossils  from  several  loealities  farther  sonfhward  and 
-westward  in  this  distant  northern  re.i4ion.  Hlionld  the  partv 
visit  the  locality  from  Avhich  ])r.  Hayes  collected  his  specinu'ns. 
it  is  desirable  that  as  comi>lete  a  collection  as  possible  should 
be  obtained,  as  most  of  thos(!  found  by  Dr.  Hayes  Mere  lost. 

For  makin,y-,n('olo;4ical  observations,  and  collectin<4-;;'eolo;i^ical 
specimens,  very  few  instruments  are  required.  F<u' determin- 
ing (he  elevations  of  mountains,  and  the  .general  altitude  of  the 
<'ountry,  a  baronu'ter  is  sulliciently  accurate.  For  local  eleva- 
tions of  less  extent  a  pocket  level  (Locke's)  should  be  ])ro- 
vided.  Taju'-lines  are  also  nseful  for  measurin-i-  vertical 
outcrops,  and  other  puri»oses;  and  iif>ood  pocket-compass  is  in 
dispensable.     The  latter  should  have  a  clinometer  attached. 

A  .u'ood  supply  of  well-tempered  cast-steel  hammers  should 
also  be  provided.  They  should  be  of  various  sizes  and  forms. 
and  oujiht  to  be  made  with  lar^e  enough  eyes  to  receive  stout 
handles,  of  whi(,'h  a  yood  munber,  inad(^  of  well-seasoned 
hickory,  should  be  jirepared.  Chisels  of  dillerent  sizes  should 
also  be  prepared  of  well-tempeicd  steel. 

A  ])()uch  of  leather  or  st<mt  canvas,  with  a  stra])  to  i)ass  over 
the  shoulder,  will  be  found  nseful  to  carry  specimens  for  short 
distances.  m.\  jj.  3[  i 


GLACIERS. 

The  progress  of  our  knowledge  of  glaciers  has  disclosed  two 
sides  of  the  subject  entirely  discoi-nected  with  one  another,  and 
recpiiring  different  means  of  investigation.  The  study  of  the 
structure  of  glaciers  as  they  exint  nc        '•'     the  phenomena 


33 


connected  witli  their  fornnition,  Miaintenance,  and  niovennMit, 
consiitiiie  now  an  extensive  cln-.pter  in  the  physics  of  the 
;ilohe.  On  the  ulher  hand,  i(  has  heen  ascntained  tinit  .liiacieis 
had  a  much  \vi(h'i-  lanye  ihirin;;'  an  eailier  hnl  neveitlicless 
<-ouii»aratively  recent  -■eoh»<'icai  period,  and  iiave  produced 
dnrini;'  tiiat  period  plienonicna  wldcli,  tor  a  lonj;'  tinn-,  were  as- 
crilx'd  to  (ttin-r  a;;encies.  In  juiy  in\ csti^^atioii  of  i;!acierH 
nowadays,  the  stn(h'nt  slnnild  l<eep  in  mind  distinctly  these 
two  sides  of  the  snl.ject.  lie  ou-Id  also  to  renicndier  at  liie 
outset  what  is  now  no  lon<;('r  a  mooted  point  :  tliat,  at  dilferent 
times  diirin--  tin-  glacial  period,  tiie  accnmnlations  of  ice  eover- 
iuii  l\v<H'v  or  smaller  ai'cas  of  tiie  earth's  surfac<'  have  iiad  an 
cver-varyinu- extension,  and  that  whatever  facts  are  ohserved, 
their  valne  will  lie  increased  in  i>roportion  as  the  chronolooi- 
cal  element  is  k(>[)t  in  view. 

From  the  physical  jioint  of  view,  the  Arctic  Expedition,  un- 
der the  command  of  Captain  Hall,   nniy  rendei-  science   -reat 
.service  should  Doctor  Hessels  hav(^  an  opportunity  of  compar- 
in}>-   the   |)r<'sent  accinuulations   of  ice   in    the   Arctic  re-ions 
with   what   is  known  of  the  ••laciers  of  the  Alps  and   other 
mountainous  regions.     In    the   Alj)s  the  glaciers  are  fed  from 
trou<;hs  in  the  hi<;her  re<;ions,  in  which  snow  accumulates  dnr- 
in«j;-  the  whole  year,  hut  more  largely  durin;^'  winter,  and   by  a 
succession  of  changes  is  .gradually  transtbrmed  into  harder  and 
harder  ice,  nu>\  ini;'  down  to  lowei'  regions  where  glaciers  iie\-ei' 
could  have  Iteen  Idrmed.     Tlu' sim>w  like  accumulations  of  the 
upper   re<>i(»ns   are    the    materials  out    of   which  the  compact 
truusparent   brittle  ice  of  the   lower  .glaciers  is  maih'.     What- 
ever snowfalls  upon  the  j^laciers  in  their  lower  ranj^c  during- 
winter  nu'lts  away  durin.n-  summer,  and   the  .ylacier  is  ehietly 
fed  from   above  and   wastes  away  below.     The  water  arisinj;- 
from   the  meltinj;'  of  the  snow  at  the  surface  contril)ut<'s  only 
iiulirectly  to  the  internal  economy  of  the  .ylacier.     It  would  be 
superfluous    heiv    to    rcliearse  what  is  known  of  rlie  internal 
structure  of  j;l;u'iers  and  of  their  nu>vement ;   it  may  be  found 
ill  any  treatise  on  f>laciers.     Xor  woidd   it   Ix;  of  any  a\>iiiil  to 
discuss  the  value  of  conflict in-i'  views  concerninj''  their  motion. 
Suflice   it   to    say  that  an   Arctic    explorer   may    add   .i^reatly 
to  our    knowled<;e    by   statinji'   distinctly  to  what    extent  the 
winter  snow,   falliuy   upon    the   snil'ace   of  the  ^reat    .ylacial 
fields  of  the  Arctic,  melts   away  durinu    summer  iuid    leaves 
bare  an  old  icy  surface  covered  with  fragiiients  of  Jock,  sand, 
3  V 


IM 


t 


34 


(lust,    &('.     SiH'Ii    Mil    iii(|iiiiy   will    Inicli  lis   in  what  \\i\\  tlic 
;iiviit    iiiiisscs   <»r    ice    wliich   pour    into  tiic  Arctic    occnii   inc 
loniicd,    iiiKl  liow  tlic   supply   lliiit    empties  ;iiiiiiiiill.v  iiihi  the 
Atliiiitic  isicplciiishcd.    If  tiuMviiitcr  siutws  do  not  melt  cutirch 
ill  the  lower  p:irt  of  llie  Aivtic  j^liici<'rs(luiin.:  summer,  these  f-la- 
cieis  must  exliiliit  ii  much  more  rejiiihir  stratilicatioii  than  tlic 
Alpine  glaciers,  and  the  successive  falls  of  snow  must  in  ilicni 
be  iiKlicated  more  distinctly  by  hiyors  of  sand  and  dust  than  in 
in  those  of  the  Al|>s  by  the  dirt  bauds.    Observations  eoiiccinin-'' 
the  amount  of  waste  of  the  filaeiers  l»y  evapcuation  or  meltiii';',or 
what  1  have  called  ^(/</^»//o// of  the  surface  dm  inj-' a  fiivcii  time 
ill  ditlereiit  parts  of  the  year,  would  also  be  of  ^^rcat  interest  as 
bearinji'   "l^'n    the  hyfiroinotric  condition  of  the  atmosphere. 
A  jiole  sunk    siifliciently  deep  into  the    ice  to  withstand    the 
elfects  of  the  wind  (Mmld  be  used  as  a  nu'ter.     But  it  oii.nht  t(»  be 
sunk  so  deep  that  it  will  serve  Ibr  a  period  of  many  months 
and  rise    hioh  cuoii^h   not   to   be  buried  by  a  snow-storm.     It 
should    also  be  ascertained,  if  possible,  whether  water  oozes 
from  below  the  glacier,  or,  in  other  words,  whether  the  ;;la- 
cier    is    tro/en    to    the   ^iroiind    or   sepaiated    from    it    by   a 
sheet  of  water.     If  luacticabie,  a  line  of  poh's  should  be  set  out 
with  reference  to  a  rocky  ])i'ak  or  any  bare  surface  of  rock,  in 
order  to  determine  the  motion  of  the  ice.     It  is  a  matter  of  deep 
iiitei<'st  with  reference  to  (piestions  coniuMted  with  the  luriner 
jiTcaler  extension   of  <j;laciers,  to  know   in   what  manner   Hat 
sheets  of  ice  move  on  even  {ground,  <'xhibitiii<j;' no  marked  slope. 
It  may  Ite   possibl(>  to  ascertain,  after  a   certain  time,  by  the 
change  of  position  (tf  poles  sunk  in  the  ice,  whether  the  motion 
follows  the  iiKMpialities  of  the  surface  or  is  determined  by  the 
lay  of  the  land  and  tlu!  exposure  of  the  ice  tt)  the  atinosi»heric 
agents,  heat,  moisture,  wiml,  v\;e,.     It  would  be  of  ^leat  interest 
to  ascertain  whether  there   is^  any  motion  during-  the  winter 
season,  or  wlu'thei-  motion   takes  place  only  during  the  ])eriod 
when  water  may  trickle  through  the  ice.     The  polished  sur- 
faces ill  the  immediate  vicinity  of  glat-ier  ice  exhibit  sucli  l(>gi- 
ble  signs  of  the  direction  in  which  the  ice  moves,  that  wherever 
ledges  of  rocks  are  exjiosed  the  scratches  and  furrows  upon 
their  siu'face  may  serve  as  a  sure  register  of  its  jn'ogress;  but 
before  taking  this  as  evidence  it  should,  if  ])ossible,  be  ascer- 
tained that  such   surfaces   actually  belong  to  the  area  over 
which   the  adjoining  ice  moves  during  its  expansion  leaving 
them  bare  in  its  retreat. 


35 

Tho  Avoloo,-,,,!  !,«vnc,v  of  j-lacicrM  will  ii,»  .Knil.t  ivcivc  inMi- 
tioiial  ..vKl.-i,,,.  In,,!,  „  v'.nvM  oxainination  oC  fl.is  point  ir.  tli,. 
Airti,T,.o,„„s.     A  i..ovii.j.slM.(.f  <,rir,sstn.t<-lm,uov..rii  iorI<v 

smhiro,   Icav.'s  sucl.  nnmislahihlo  i.ia.Ks  of  its  ,,,ss ,.  thi.'t 

r<..-k,v  s,ufa.-...s  ul.icl.  l.ave  o.mm'  Imm-i.  ,/lonofnl,  if  J   ,„,v  thus 
oxprnsM  rl.c  pcrnliar  ucti.Mi  of  ir,-  up„„  rocks,  viz,  tl„.  uhni,,.-' 
polisluM-  s<.rat<-lm,o',  nvooMw^,  ..imI  (nmnvin-  of  t  h.-ir  sarfac." 
(•an  n..v..,-  In-  n.istak.-n  for  an.vtl.inj;'  ,.|s,.,  an.l  n.av  cNrrvwh.-n' 

In;  m-of,nn/,.,l  h.v  a  practir.-.i  .ye.     Thcs,.  n.arks,  in  (.onn.Tt 

with  transpo,  tc.l  loos.-  .naL-riiils,  drift,  an<l  ImmiMhs,  mv is- 

akai.lo  (.vi.l.Mi,-,.  of  t\w  ^Mvat  extension  which  ojiu-i.-.s  once 
I'iHi.     Fint  iiere  i(  is  important  to  Wiscriminate  between  two  sets 
<>»  <iicts,  whicl,  have  ^■eneraii.v  been  c.mfonnde.l.     In  the  i.rox 
i.nit.v  ol  .'xistin-  j-h.ci.-rs,  th.>se  marks  and  these  materials  have 
a  direct  relation  to  tlie  inesent  sheet  of  ice  near  bv.     It  is  i.liin 
for  ...stance,  that  the  polisln-d  s,„  faces  about  thi'  (Jrin.sel,  and 
the  h,os,.  matc.ials  i.vin«'  b..(ween  tbe  j^iacn-r  of  the  Aar  an.l 
tho   Hos,,ice,  are  the  work  of  the  glacier  of  the  Aar  when  it 
extended  beyond  its  present  limits,  and  step  l»v  step  its  .-reater 
oxtn.s.on  ...ay  be  traced  <lown  to  Meyrin«ei,,  aud,  in  .-oum-ction 
with  oth«.r  -h.cio.s  fromotluM'  valh-ysof  the  IJernesc  Ob.'riand 
It  ...ay  be  facked  as  fa.'  as  Thiu.  or  Her.ut,  when  the  relation' 
to  the  Alps  becomes  .-omplicat.'d  with  featu.es  imiicati..-  that 

the  whole  valleyofSwitmland,  between  the  Alpsandthe-In.a 
was  once  occupied  by  ice.     <  )n  the  other  hand,  the.v  are  evident 
si«..s  ol  the  former  preseuce  of  local  f-lacie.s  in  the  Jura,  as,  for 
n.stauc..,  ou  the  D.mt  de  Vaulion,  which  .nark  a  later  (>ra  in  the 
history  ot  glaciation   in    Switzerland.     Xow  the  t.aces  of  th<> 
tornuT  existence  of  extensivi,  sheets  of  ice  over  the  <-outi..ent 
ol  ^orth  America  aiv  everywhere  most  plai.dy  s.rn,  but  no  one 
has  yet  undertaken  to  dete.-mine  in  what  ivlation  these  ulaciat.-d 
surtac.'s  of  past  ayes  stand  to  the  ice  lields  ,»f  the  j.ies.Mit  day 
111    the   Arctics.     The  scientific   men    connected  with  Caj.iaii. 
Malls  expedition  would  render  science  an  in.porta.it  service  if 

they  could  notice  the  tre.Kl  and  bearinoof  all  the -lacial  scratches 
they  may  observe  upon  (h-nudated  surfaces  wheivver  they  land 

Itwouldboadvisable  forthem,  il' possible,  to  breakotr fragments 
ot  such  .i-laciated  rocksand  mark  with  an  arrow  their  bearin-  It 
would  be  e<pially  important  to  ....tice  how  tar  the  loose  materials 

l.el)bles,boulders„ste.,ditrerintlicirn.ineralooi,,dcharacterfroin 
the  surface  on  which  they  iv.sl ,  an.l  to  what  extent  th.'v  are  tlx-m- 
selves  polished,  rounded,  scratched,  or  furrowe.l,  and  also  what 


36 


is  tin*  iiiitmc  (tf  tlic  cliiy  <»r  .siiiMl  wliidi  holds  tliMii  to^jctlicr.  It. 
would  Im'  pill  liciiliirly  iiitficstiii;;'  to  Iciiiii  liow  liii'  tlicn-  arc 
!iii;>uliii'  l»oiil»l('rs  iiiiioii};  tlu'sc  loose  iiiiitciials,  iinil  what  Is 
their  )>ositioii  witii  ictfrciicc  to  the  cotiipiM'tod  <li'it't  iiia<h*  up  oK 
rouudi'd,  polished,  aud  sta'atehed  pehlilesaiul  houhh'is.  Should 
au  (tppoituiiity  occur  of  tiaciu;;"  the  loose  luatcrials  of  auy  lo- 
cality to  some  rock  in  situ,  at  a  ^ireater  of  less  distance,  aud 
the  iiatui'e  of  the  niateiials  should  h'avi'  no  (h)uht  of  their 
identity,  this  would  att'oi'd  an  invaluable  indication  of  the  direc- 
tion in  whicli  the  loose  materials  liav«^  traveled.  Any  indica 
tion  rclatiu;;-  to  the  dillcrences  ol  level  anionji'  siu'h  materials 
would  add  to  the  value  of  the  ohservation.  I  have  purposely 
av(U«h'<l  all  theoreti<!al  considerations,  and  only  called  attention 
to  the  liM'ts  which  it  is  most  important  to  ascertain,  in  order  to 
have  a  statement  as  unbiased  as  possible. 

fL.  A.j 


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